World in the Making

Description

Featuring a renowned author team and the best recent scholarship, World in the Making: A Global History explores both the global and local dimensions of world history. Abundant full-color maps and images, along with other special pedagogical features that highlight the lives and voices of the world's peoples, make this synthesis accessible and memorable for students--all at an affordable low price.

New to this Edition

• Doing History. This new feature, located in the Review section at the end of each chapter, prompts students to consider the skills that world historians employ. Tied to the content in each chapter and organized around seven key concepts, Doing History shows students the reasoning processes historians use to construct the historical past.
• New Features. The second edition presents several new Lives and Livelihoods, Seeing the Past, and Reading the Past features, including insights into religious practices in Stone Age Turkey (Chapter 1); ecology, production, and power in the Hawaiian Islands (Chapter 10); domestic life in Byzantium (Chapter 11); and views of Alexander the Great in the East and West (Chapter 12).
• New Counterpoint sections. Many instructors have incorporated the text's unique Counterpoint sections into their teaching. These new ones are included in the second edition: The Prophets of Israel and Judah (Chapter 5); Jewish Merchant Communities in Latin Christendom; (Chapter 11); Sufism in South Asia (Chapter 13).
• New chapter opening vignettes and new scholarship. Chapter 1 includes the latest research on human evolution and early human history, including a new vignette on the discovery of the oldest footprints outside of Africa. Chapter 3 includes substantially revised information on the Oxus people spotlighted in that chapter's Counterpoint section. Chapter 6 presents a revised discussion on the Roman Republic. Chapter 13 now opens with an account from Usamah ibn Minqidh that offers a Muslim view of Crusaders.
• Expanded Digital Resources. Oxford Learning Link "http://www.learninglink.oup.com" www.learninglink.oup.com makes available to adopters of World in the Making, offers a wealth of teaching resources, including an enhanced eBook, a test-item file, a computerized test bank, quizzes, PowerPoint slides, videos, and primary sources.
• Oxford Learning Link Direct (OLLD) makes the digital learning resources for World in the Making available to adopters via a one-time course integration with their LMS.
• Adopters also have the option of delivering the learning tools for World in the Making within a cloud-based platform, Oxford Learning Cloud (OLC).

Table of Contents

List of Maps
Studying with Maps
Features
Preface
Acknowledgments
Notes on Dates and Spelling
About the Authors

PART 1 The Ancient World, from Human Origins to 500 CE

CHAPTER 1 Peopling the World, to 4000 BCE
The Major Global Development in this Chapter: The adaptation of early humans to their environment and their eventual domestication of plants and animals.
Backstory
Human Origins
Evolution of the Human Species
Out of Africa
Paleolithic Food Gatherers 2,000,000-9000 BCE
The Gatherer-Hunter Economy
Life in Paleolithic Communities
The First Neolithic Farmers 9000-4000 BCE
The Origins of Agriculture
Life in Neolithic Communities
COUNTERPOINT Gatherer-Hunters by Choice: Aborigines of Australia
Understanding the History of Aborigines
A Lifestyle in Harmony with the Natural World
The Conscious Choice to Gather and Hunt
Religious Life and Social Organization
Conclusion | Review
FEATURES
Seeing the Past: Paleolithic Statuettes of Women
Seeing the Past: A Stone Age Sanctuary?
Lives and Livelihoods: The People of Çatal Höyük
Doing History: Perspectives

CHAPTER 2 Temples and Palaces: Birth of the City 5000-1200 BCE
The Major Global Development in this Chapter: The rise of urban society and the creation of states in Southwest Asia.
Backstory
Origins of Urban Society: Mesopotamia 5000-3200 BCE
The Environmental Challenge
Irrigation and Its Impact
The First Cities 3200-1600 BCE
The Power of the Temple
The Might of the Palace
The New Order of Society
City Life and Learning
The Invention of Writing
The Expansion of Knowledge
The First International Order 1600-1200 BCE
From City-States to Territorial States in the Eastern Mediterranean
International Relations
Kings and Commoners: An Unequal System
COUNTERPOINT Egypt's Distinct Path to Statehood
Egypt's Geography and Early History
Egyptian Ideology of Kingship
The New Culture of Statehood
Conclusion|Review
FEATURES
Seeing the Past: The Uruk Vase
Reading the Past: Royal Inscriptions from Early Mesopotamia
Lives and Livelihoods: The Pyramid Builders of the Pharaohs
Doing History: Developments and Processes

CHAPTER 3 Settlers and Migrants: The Creation of States in Asia 5000-500 BCE
The Major Global Development in this Chapter: The rise of large urban states in Asia and the interactions between nomadic and settled peoples that profoundly shaped them.
Backstory
Early Agricultural Societies of South and East Asia 5000-1000 BCE
Settled Farmers of the River Valleys
Nomadic Herders of the Steppe
The Indus Valley Culture 2600-1900 BCE
Urban Society in the Indus Valley
Harappan Crafts and Long-Distance Trade
The End of the Indus Valley Culture
The Indo-Europeans 3000-1000 BCE
Indo-European Languages
Indo-European Migrations
Indo-European Speakers and Eurasian History
India's Vedic Age 1500-500 BCE
Vedic Origins
Rise of a New Society: Families, Clans, and Castes
Vedic Religion
Developments in Vedic Ideas
The Early Chinese Dynasties 2000-771 BCE
Re-creating Early China: Literary Traditions and the Archaeological Record
The Growth of States 2000-1570 BCE
The Shang Dynasty and the Consolidation of Power 1570-1027 BCE
The Early Zhou Dynasty and the Extension of Power 1027-771 BCE
COUNTERPOINT The Oxus People: A Short-Lived Culture in Central Asia 2250-1700 BCE
Conclusion|Review
FEATURES
Seeing the Past: Inscribed Seals from the Indus Valley
Lives and Livelihoods: Chinese Diviners
Reading the Past: Book of Poetry
Doing History: Sourcing and Situation

CHAPTER 4 Empire and Resistance in the Mediterranean 1550-330 BCE
The Major Global Development in this Chapter: The rise of empires and the variety and consequences of imperial rule.
Backstory
Imperial Egypt and Nubia 1550 BCE-350 CE
The Imperial Might of New Kingdom Egypt 1550-1070 BCE
Nubia's Rise and Rule of Egypt 1000-660 BCE
The Nubian Kingdom of Meroe 400 bce-350 CE
Rise and Fall of the Assyrian Empire 900-612 BCE
Assyria: A Society as War Machine
Imperial Governance
Culture and Identity in the Assyrian Empire
Failure of the Assyrian System
The Persian Empire 550-330 BCE
The Course of Empire
Administering a Multicultural Empire
Zoroastrianism in a Polytheistic World
COUNTERPOINT On the Edge of Empire: The People of Ancient Greece 800-500 BCE
Greek Colonization of the Mediterranean 800-500 BCE
Growth of the City-State in Early Greece 800-500 BCE
Struggle Between Persia and Greece 500-479 BCE
The Peloponnesian War and the End of Athenian Supremacy 431-404 BCE
Conclusion|Review
FEATURES
Seeing the Past: The Queen of Meroe in Battle
Lives and Livelihoods: Mesopotamian Astronomers
Reading the Past: Pericles Praises the Democratic Ideal
Doing History: Making Connections

CHAPTER 5 Thinkers and World Empires of Eurasia 500 BCE-500 CE
The Major Global Development in this Chapter: The revolutionary religious and cultural developments in India, China, and Greece that took place between 500 BCE and 500 CE and that remained fundamental to the history of Eurasia.
Backstory
India: Sages, Traders, and Courtly Cultures 500 BCE-500 CE
Religious Ferment: The Rise of Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism
Unity and Fragmentation: The Mauryan and Gupta Empires
A Crossroads of Trade
Literary and Scientific Flowering
China: Intellectuals and the Qin and Han Empires, 221 BCE-220 CE
Intellectual Churning: Confucians, Daoists, and Legalists
Unification and Centralization: The Worlds of Qin and Han
Preserving and Spreading the Written Word
Greece: Philosophers, Scholars, and Poets, 500-30 BCE
Athens's Golden Age 500-400 BCE
Hellenism: The Expansion of Greek Ideals and Institutions 323-30 BCE
COUNTERPOINT The Prophets of Israel and Judah
Conclusion|Review
FEATURES
Reading the Past: Women in Han China
Lives and Livelihoods: Philosophers of Athens's Golden Age
Seeing the Past: The Fasting Buddha
Doing History: Claims and Evidence in Sources

CHAPTER 6 The Unification of Western Eurasia 500 BCE-500 CE
The Major Global Development in this Chapter: The unification of western Eurasia under the Roman Empire.
Backstory
Rome: A Republican Center of Power 500-27 BCE
Society and Politics in the Republic
From Village to World Empire
Failure of the Republic
Rome: The Empire 27 BCE-212 CE
Emperors and Armies
The Provincial System and the Diffusion of Roman Culture
Christianity: From Jewish Sect to Imperial Religion
Religions in the Roman Empire
Christianity's Spread Outside the Jewish Community
Toward a State Religion 50-324 CE
Institutionalization of the Christian Church
Transformation of the Roman Empire 200-500 CE
Division Between East and West
Economic Strains and Social Tensions
Collapse in the West and Revitalization in the East
COUNTERPOINT Rome's Iranian Rivals in the Middle East
The Parthians 247 BCE-224 CE
The Sasanids 224-651 CE
A Tapestry of Cultures and Religions
Conclusion|Review
FEATURES
Lives and Livelihoods: Roman Engineers
Seeing the Past: The Augustan Cameo Gem
Reading the Past: A Young Woman Laments Her Premature Death
Doing History: Contextualization

CHAPTER 7 Reading the Unwritten Record: Peoples of Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific Islands 3000 BCE-500 CE
The Major Global Development in this Chapter: The evolution of ancient cultures without writing and their fundamental role in world history.
Backstory
Peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa
Early Hunters and Herders
Bantu Migrations
Bantu Society and Culture
Peoples of the Americas
The Olmecs 1200-400 BCE
The Early Maya 400 BCE-250 CE
Andean Peoples 900 BCE-600 CE
Gatherer-Hunters of North America 800 BCE-400 CE
Peoples of the Pacific Islands
Agricultural Livelihoods
Peopling the Islands
COUNTERPOINT The Voiced and Voiceless in Ancient Literate Societies
Uses of the Written Record
The Voiceless Many
Conclusion|Review
FEATURES
Lives and Livelihoods: Potters of Antiquity
Reading the Past: The La Mojarra Stele
Seeing the Past: The Archaeological Site of Talepakemalai
Doing History: Argument

Part 2 Crossroads and Cultures 500-1450 CE

CHAPTER 8 The Worlds of Christianity and Islam 400-1000
The Major Global Development in this Chapter: The spread of Christianity and Islam and the profound impact of these world religions on the societies of western Eurasia and North Africa.
Backstory
Multiple Christianities 400-850
The Christian Church in Byzantium
Christianity in Asia and Africa
Christian Communities in Western Europe
Social and Political Renewal in the Post-Roman World 400-850
Crisis and Survival of the Byzantine Empire
The Germanic Successor States in Western Europe
Economic Contraction and Renewal in Christendom
Origins of the Slavs and the Founding of Rus
The Rise and Spread of Islam 610-750
The Prophet Muhammad and the Faith of Islam
The Islamic Empire of the Umayyad Caliphs 661-750
From Unified Caliphate to Islamic Commonwealth 750-1000
Rise of the Abbasid Caliphs
Rise of the Religious Scholars
Collapse of the Unified Caliphate
COUNTERPOINT The Norse Vikings: The New Barbarians
The Viking Raids 790-1020
Norse Emigration and Colonization
Conclusion|Review
FEATURES
Seeing the Past: The Franks Casket: Interweaving Christian Belief and Germanic Folklore
Lives and Livelihoods: Constantinople's Silk Producers
Reading the Past: Women and Property in Islam
Doing History: Perspectives

CHAPTER 9 Religion and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Asia 400-1000
The Major Global Development in this Chapter: The cultural and commercial exchanges during the heyday of the Silk Road that transformed Asian peoples, cultures, and states.
Backstory
Steppe Peoples and Settled Societies of Central Asia
Nomad Conquerors of China: The Northern Wei 386-534
Rise of the Turks
A Turkic Khanate in the West: The Khazars
The Shaping of East Asia
The Chinese Transformation of Buddhism
Reunification of the Chinese Empire: The Sui Dynasty 581-618
The Power of Tang China 618-907
China and Its Neighbors
The Consolidation of Hindu Society in India
Land and Wealth
Devotional Worship in Hinduism
New Economic and Social Trends
Court Society and Culture
The Spread of Indian Traditions to Southeast Asia
Commerce and Religious Change in Southeast Asia
Religion and State Power
Indian Religions in Southeast Asia: A Summing-Up
COUNTERPOINT Sogdian Traders in Central Asia and China
A Robust Commercial Economy
Breakdown of the Trade Network
Conclusion|Review
FEATURES
Lives and Livelihoods: Tea Drinkers in Tang China
Reading the Past: A Copper-Plate Land Grant
Seeing the Past: Borobudur, the World's Largest Buddhist Monument
Doing History: Making Connections

CHAPTER 10 Societies and Networks in the Americas and the Pacific 300-1200
The Major Global Development in this Chapter: The formation of distinctive regional cultures in the Americas and the Pacific Islands between 300 and 1200.
Backstory
The Classical Age of Mesoamerica and Its Aftermath
Political Power and Ideology in Mesoamerica
The City-State of Teotihuacán
The Maya City-State Network
The Passing of Mesoamerica's Classical Age
City and State Building in the Andean Region
States and Societies in the Coastal Lowlands
States and Societies in the Andean Highlands
Agrarian Societies in North America
Pueblo Societies in the Southwestern Deserts
Mound-Building Societies in the Eastern Woodlands
Habitat and Adaptation in the Pacific Islands
Polynesian Expansion
Subsistence and Survival in the Pacific Islands
COUNTERPOINT Social Complexity in Bougainville
Bougainville's Diverse Peoples
The Historical Roots of Social Difference
Conclusion|Review X
FEATURES
Reading the Past: Maya Hero Twins Vanquish the Lords of the Underworld
Seeing the Past: Images of Power in Tiwanaku Art
Lives and Livelihoods: Ecology, Production, and Power in the Hawaiian Islands
Doing History: Sourcing and Situation

CHAPTER 11 The Rise of Commerce in Afro-Eurasia 900-1300
The Major Global Development in this Chapter: The sustained economic expansion that spread across Eurasia and Africa between the tenth and fourteenth centuries.
Backstory
Agricultural Innovation and Diffusion
Retrenchment and Renewal in Europe and Byzantium
Agricultural Transformation in the Islamic World
Rice Economies in Monsoon Asia
Industrial Growth and the Money Economy
Technological Change and Industrial Enterprise
Expanding Circulation of Money
Credit and the Invention of Paper Money
Merchants and Trade Networks in Afro-Eurasia
Merchant Partnerships and Long-Distance Trade
Merchants and Rulers
Maritime Traders in the Indian Ocean
Trans-Saharan Traders
Mediterranean and European Traders
COUNTERPOINT Jewish Moneylenders in Latin Christendom
England
Aragon
Conclusion|Review
FEATURES
Seeing the Past: Imitation and Innovation in Islamic Coinage
Reading the Past: A Byzantine Gentleman's Advice on Providing for One's Family
Lives and Livelihoods: The Mande Blacksmiths
Doing History: Developments and Processes

CHAPTER 12 Centers of Learning and the Transmission of Culture 900-1300
The Major Global Development in this Chapter: The expansion of learning and education across Eurasia from 900 to 1300 and its relationship to the rise of regional and national identities.
Backstory
Church and Universities in Latin Christendom
Monastic Learning and Culture
The Rise of Universities
Vernacular Language and Literature
Students and Scholars in Islamic Societies
The Rise of Madrasas
Sufi Mysticism and Sunni Orthodoxy
Oral and Written Cultures in Islam
The Cosmopolitan and Vernacular Realms in India and Southeast Asia
The Cosmopolitan Realm of Sanskrit
Rival States and Regional Identity
Persianate Literary and Artistic Culture Under the Delhi Sultanate
Learning, Schools, and Print Culture in East Asia
Civil Service Examinations and Schooling in Song China
The Culture of Print in Song China
Classical and Vernacular Traditions in East Asia
COUNTERPOINT Writing and Political Power in Mesoamerica
Mesoamerican Languages: Time, History, and Rulership
The Legacy of Mesoamerican Languages
Conclusion|Review
FEATURES
Lives and Livelihoods: Medical Professionals of Latin Christendom
Seeing the Past: Alexander the Great (Iskandar) in Christian and Islamic Legends
Reading the Past: Lady Murasaki on Her Peers Among Women Writers
Doing History: Contextualization

CHAPTER 13 Crusaders, Mongols, and Eurasian Integration 1050-1350
The Major Global Development in this Chapter: The Eurasian integration fostered by the clashes of culture known as the Crusades and the Mongol conquests.
Backstory
The Crusades and the Imperial Papacy 1050-1350
The Papal Monarchy
The Crusades 1095-1291
Papal Supremacy and the Christian People
The Making of Christian Europe 1100-1350
The Reconquest of Spain 1085-1248
Christianizing Eastern Europe 1150-1350
The Mongol World Empire 1100-1368
Rise of the Mongols
Creation and Division of the Mongol Empire 1206-1259
Qubilai Khan and the Yuan Empire in China 1260-1368
The Mongol Khanates and the Islamic World 1240-1350
Mongol Rule in Iran and Mesopotamia
The Golden Horde and the Rise of Muscovy
Retrenchment in the Islamic World: The Mamluk and Ottoman States
COUNTERPOINT Sufism in South Asia
Conclusion|Review
FEATURES
Reading the Past: Bernard of Clairvaux's Summons to the Wendish Crusade
Seeing the Past: The Mappaemundi of Latin Christendom
Lives and Livelihoods: Mongol Women in the Household Economy and Public Life
Doing History: Claims and Evidence in Sources

CHAPTER 14 Collapse and Revival in Afro-Eurasia 1300-1450
The Major Global Development in this Chapter: Crisis and recovery in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Afro-Eurasia.
Backstory
Fourteenth-Century Crisis and Renewal in Eurasia
The "Great Mortality": The Black Death of 1347-1350
Rebuilding Societies in Western Europe 1350-1492
Ming China and the New Order in East Asia 1368-1500
Islam's New Frontiers
Islamic Spiritual Ferment in Central Asia 1350-1500
Ottoman Expansion and the Fall of Constantinople 1354-1453
Commerce and Culture in Islamic West Africa
Advance of Islam in Maritime Southeast Asia
The Global Bazaar
Economic Prosperity and Maritime Trade in Asia 1350-1450
China's Overseas Overture: The Voyages of Zheng He 1405-1433
Commerce and Culture in the Renaissance
COUNTERPOINT Age of the Samurai in Japan 1185-1450
"The Low Overturning the High"
The New Warrior Order
Conclusion|Review
FEATURES
Reading the Past: A Genoese Merchant on Commercial Prospects in a Saharan Oasis Town
Lives and Livelihoods: Urban Weavers in India
Seeing the Past: Leonardo da Vinci's Virgin of the Rocks
Doing History: Argument

Part 3 The Early Modern World 1450-1750

CHAPTER 15 Empires and Alternatives in the Americas 1430-1530
The Major Global Development in this Chapter: The diversity of societies and states in the Americas prior to European invasion.
Backstory
Many Native Americas
Tributes of Blood: The Aztec Empire 1325-1521
Humble Origins, Imperial Ambitions
Enlarging and Supplying the Capital
Holy Terror: Aztec Rule, Religion, and Warfare
Daily Life Under the Aztecs
The Limits of Holy Terror
Tributes of Sweat: The Inca Empire 1430-1532
From Potato Farmers to Empire Builders
The Great Apparatus: Inca Expansion and Religion
Daily Life Under the Incas
The Great Apparatus Breaks Down
COUNTERPOINT The Peoples of North America's Eastern Woodlands 1450-1530
Conclusion|Review
FEATURES
Seeing the Past: An Aztec Map of Tenochtitlán
Lives and Livelihoods: The Aztec Midwife
Reading the Past: An Andean Creation Story
Doing History: Making Connections

Notes
Bibliography
Credits
Index