The Juvenile Justice System

Description

Juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice are two essential topics in the criminal justice curriculum. Sanborn and Salerno's The Juvenile Justice System: Law and Process is dedicated solely to explaining juvenile justice.

This text explores the many differences between the juvenile justice and the criminal justice systems, both those that benefit youths and those that are arguably unfair to them. The book concentrates, describes, and explains the unique traits of juvenile justice and what makes it so different from criminal justice.

The Juvenile Justice System specifically addresses what actually happens during the court process, devoting an entire chapter to the adjudicatory hearing as well as all other major decision-making stages. A unique feature is its in-depth coverage of plea bargaining. Also featured are topics such as parental role in the juvenile justice system, school searches, and the origin of juvenile court.

Another unique benefit of this text is the Numbers section at the end of several chapters, detailing how many youths have been affected by various decisions made in the juvenile justice system (such as arrest, detention, transfer to adult court, adjudication, being placed on probation, or committed to residential placement). In addition, the appendices identify juvenile justice standards for all 50 states and Washington, DC, as well as the federal jurisdiction. These standards apply to all decisions made within the juvenile justice system, including arrest, detention, diversion, intake, transfer, adjudication, disposition, and postdispositional stages.

The text is written in a conversational, reader-friendly style. Each chapter describes and analyzes, step by step, what young alleged offenders experience in each successive stage of the court process. For each chapter, outlines of key terms and concepts aid student comprehension and serve as a starting point for class discussion. Each chapter also features discussion questions designed to stimulate students' critical thinking.

A comprehensive Instructor's Manual/Testing Program and an interactive Student Study Guide are available.

Table of Contents

Section I: A History of Juvenile Justice in the United States
Chapter 1: Putting Juvenile Justice Into Context
Some Preliminary Distinctions
Models or Philosophies of Juvenile Justice
Impact of the Rehabilitation Model
The Varied Purposes of Juvenile Justice
The Terminology Differentiation
Chapter 2: Historical Development of Juvenile Justice
Quakers' Reform Efforts in the Nineteenth Century
Houses of Refuge
Legal Foundation for the Houses of Refuge
Reformatories and Separate Trial Dockets
The Emergence of the Juvenile Court
The Legal Foundation of Juvenile Court
The Reasons Juvenile Defendants Had No Rights in Juvenile Court
The Juvenile Justice System, 1899-1967: An Overview
Chapter 3: United States Supreme Court Intervention: The Legal Framework of Juvenile Justice
The Need for Changes in Juvenile Court Procedures
Establishing the Legal Framework of Juvenile Justice in Kent v. U.S.
In re Gault and the Modification of Juvenile Court Procedure
Putting Gault and the Legal Framework Into Context
In re Winship and the Burden of Proof
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania and the Right to Jury Trial
Breed v. Jones and Trial in Both Juvenile and Adult Court
The Overall Result of the Legal Framework
Section II: The Nature of Juvenile Misbehavior
Chapter 4: Juvenile Court Jurisdiction
Factors Influencing Jurisdiction
Juvenile Delinquency
Status Offenses
Mandatory Exclusion
Chapter 5: Measuring Juvenile Crime
Measuring Juvenile Delinquency
Uniform Crime Reports
Victimization Surveys
Self-Report Surveys
Validation of SRS
Cohort Studies
Evaluating Measures of Juvenile Delinquency
Age and Delinquency
Gender and Delinquency
Race and Delinquency
Social Class and Delinquency
Juveniles Preying on Juveniles: Juveniles as Victims
Chapter 6: Patterns of Juvenile Crime
Considering Patterns
Crime in the Schools
Gangs
Juvenile Violent Crime
Serious Violent Juveniles (SVJ)
Section III: The Gatekeepers of Juvenile Justice
Chapter 7: Policing Juveniles
Policing: The Underdeveloped Component
Unique Police Service and Prevention Roles
Juveniles' Attitudes Toward Police
Community-Oriented Policing
Curfew Laws
Detecting Youth Misbehavior
Field Investigations and Stops and Frisks
The Decision Not to Arrest a Youth
Grounds and Evidence for Arrest (Taking Into Custody)
Factors That Can Affect the Decision to Arrest
Procedures Following Arrest
Search and Seizure and Interrogation
Fingerprints and Photographs
Other Identification Measures
The Decision to Refer the Case to Juvenile Court
Chapter 8: The Juvenile Court Personnel
A Unique Place to Work
The Prosecutor
The Defense Attorney
The Judge
Referees and Masters
Probation Officers
Parents and Victims
Personnel Overview
Chapter 9: The Intake Process
Intake Objectives
POs as Intake Workers
The Uniqueness of Intake
Intake Options
Intake Decision Making
The Essence of Diversion
Failure, Successful Completion, and Impact of Diversion
Modern Aspects of Diversion
Research on Who Is Diverted
The Formal Prosecution Option
The Numbers at Intake
Section IV: The Juvenile Court: The Preliminary Stages
Chapter 10: Detention
POs as the Gatekeepers to Detention
Humane Detention
The Detention Alternative Movement
Detention Settings
Juveniles in Jail
Juveniles Eligible for Detention
Detention Research
Risks (and Needs) Assessment
Detention Hearing
Constitutional Rights at the Detention Hearing
The Need to Detain
Release Conditions
Addressing the Charges at Detention
The Numbers at Detention
Expedited Trial Date for Detention Cases
Potential Unique Aspects of Juvenile Detention
Chapter 11: The Pretrial Stage
An Underdeveloped Stage
Pleading
Pretrial Issues
Informal Resolutions
Plea Bargaining
Non-negotiated Guilty Pleas
The Pleading Guilty Process
Heading to Transfer or to an Adjudicatory Hearing
Chapter 12: Transfer to Adult Court
The Prospect of Self-Transfer
The What of Transfer
The Why of Transfer
The When of Transfer
The How (or Types) of Transfer: Judicial and Prosecutorial
The First Stage of Judicial Transfer: The Probable Cause Hearing
The Second Stage of Judicial Transfer: The Amenability Hearing
Prosecutorial Transfer
Current Standards in Judicial and Prosecutorial Transfer
The Extent of Transfer to Adult Court
Research on Transfer to Adult Court
Reverse Transfer: Sending the Youth Back to Juvenile Court
Transfer to Juvenile Court's Second Tier
The Juvenile's Future in Criminal Court
Youthful Offender Sentencing in Criminal Court
Use of the Juvenile Court Record in Criminal Court Sentencing
Research on Adult Court Sentencing of Juveniles
Some Numbers on Youth Convicted and Sentenced in Criminal Court
Section V: Juvenile Court's Trial and Sentencing Stages
Chapter 13: The Adjudicatory Hearing
Prosecutorial Case Preparation
The Right to Counsel in Juvenile Court
Waiving the Right to Counsel
The Nature of Defense Representation in Juvenile Court
Defense Case Preparation
The Right to a Speedy Trial in Juvenile Court
Listing the Case for an Adjudicatory Hearing
Using Masters or Referees to Conduct the Adjudicatory Hearing
The Nature of Judicial Decision Making in Juvenile Court
The Private Versus Public Adjudicatory Hearing
The Nature of the Adjudicatory Hearing
The Adjudicatory Hearing for Detained Youth
Some Unique Aspects of the Adjudicatory Hearing
The Numbers at Adjudication
Chapter 14: The Disposition Hearing
The Timing of Disposition
The Participants at Disposition
The Youth's Rights at Disposition
The Predisposition Report
Situational Factors That Can Affect Disposition
The Pandora's Box of Dispositional Factors
Research Into Factors Affecting Disposition
Dispositional Options in Juvenile Court
The Probation Disposition
The Disposition Ladder
The Commitment Disposition
Differentiated Sentencing
Mandatory and Minimum Sentences
Sentencing the Parents
The Numbers at Disposition
Chapter 15: Postdisposition Hearings and Matters in Juvenile Court
The Right to Appeal
Postdisposition Hearings
The Nonconfidential Juvenile Court Record
Sealing and Expunging Juvenile Court Records
Section VI: Community and Institutional Corrections in Juvenile Justice
Chapter 16: Prevention and Treatment in the Community
Community Corrections and Juvenile Justice
Juvenile Probation
Diversion
Teen Courts
Juvenile Drug Courts
Juveniles in Community Correctional Programs
Prevention Programs
Schools
The Family
Postadjudication Programs
Best Practices for Probation and Community Corrections
Restorative Justice
Juvenile Gun Courts
Intensive Aftercare Program
The Numbers at Probation
Chapter 17: Juvenile Institutions
Putting Juvenile Institutions Into Context
Juvenile Detention
Boot Camps
Overview of Juvenile Incarceration
Hidden Juvenile Corrections
Privatizing Juvenile Corrections
Institutional Program Models
Best Practices for Education and Rehabilitation in Juvenile Corrections
Disproportionate Minority Confinement
The Institutional Subculture
Incarcerated Girls
The Right to Treatment
Protecting the Rights of Incarcerated Juveniles
Conditions in Juvenile Corrections
The Numbers at Juvenile Corrections
The Costs of Juvenile Corrections
Release From Incarceration
Section VII: Future Directions in Juvenile Justice
Chapter 18: The Future of Juvenile Court
Putting the History of Juvenile Justice Into Context: The Three Major Themes
Putting the Future of Juvenile Court Into Context
Factors Affecting the Future
Probable Developments
Concluding Remarks: Abolish or Retain Juvenile Court?
Appendixes
Glossary
Court Cases
Informative Websites
References
Subject Index
Name Index
Case Index