Philosophy for the 21st Century

Description

Philosophy for the 21st Century, an introductory anthology, is an extraordinarily comprehensive collection of historical and contemporary readings. It covers all major fields, including not only metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and philosophy of religion, but also philosophy of science, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, political philosophy, and philosophy of art. This volume is unique in drawing on the judgments of a new generation of scholars, each of whom has chosen the articles and provided the introduction for one section of the book. These associate editors--Delia Graff, Robin Jeshion, L. A. Paul, Jesse J. Prinz, Stuart Rachels, Gabriela Sakamoto, David Sosa, and Cynthia A. Stark--are at the forefront of 21st-century philosophy. Their selections include the work of such leading contemporary thinkers as Nancy Cartwright, Saul A. Kripke, David Lewis, Thomas Nagel, Robert Nozick, Derek Parfit, and Sydney Shoemaker, along with classic works from 2500 years of philosophy. The book has been structured to maximize continuity, and an introductory essay by Simon Blackburn explains the tools of symbolic logic. This groundbreaking volume sets a new standard for introducing students to the importance and fascination of philosophical inquiry.

Table of Contents

Preface
About the Editors
INTRODUCTION
What Is Philosophy?, Simon Blackburn
The Elements of Logic, Simon Blackburn
1. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
Introduction, Steven M. Cahn
Euthyphro, Plato
The Ontological Argument, Saint Anselm
In Behalf of the Fool, Gaunilo
Critique of the Ontological Argument, Immanuel Kant
Is Existence a Predicate?, G. E. Moore
Why the Ontological Argument Fails, William L. Rowe
Five Ways to Prove the Existence of God, Saint Thomas Aquinas
The Cosmological Argument, Michael Martin
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, David Hume
Why God Allows Evil, Richard Swinburne
The Moriarty Hypothesis, Steven M. Cahn
The Will to Believe, William James
William James and the Will to Believe, Michael Martin
The Hiddenness of God, Robert McKim
2. EPISTEMOLOGY
Introduction, David Sosa
Meditations on First Philosophy, René Descartes
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke
Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous, George Berkeley
Proof of an External World, G. E. Moore
On Certainty, Ludwig Wittgenstein
The Problem of the Criterion, Roderick M. Chisholm
Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?, Edmund Gettier
Discrimination and Perceptual Knowledge, Alvin I. Goldman
Knowledge and Scepticism, Robert Nozick
The Raft and the Pyramid: Coherence Versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge, Ernest Sosa
Elusive Knowledge, David Lewis
Epistemology Naturalized, W. V. O. Quine
What Is "Naturalized Epistemology"?, Jaegwon Kim
3. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Introduction, L. A. Paul
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume
The Traditional Problem of Induction, Brian Skyrms
The Inference to the Best Explanation, Gilbert Harman
The Experimental Method, Rudolf Carnap
Aspects of Scientific Explanation, Carl G. Hempel
The Truth Doesn't Explain Much, Nancy Cartwright
The New Riddle of Induction, Nelson Goodman
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas S. Kuhn
Realism and the Theory-Dependence of Experimental Design, Richard N. Boyd
4. METAPHYSICS
Introduction, Delia Graff
On the Relations of Universals and Particulars, Bertrand Russell
Properties, D. M. Armstrong
The Doctrine of Arbitrary Undetached Parts, Peter van Inwagen
Many, but Almost One, David Lewis
Of Identity and Diversity, John Locke
Personal Identity and Memory, Sydney Shoemaker
Personal Identity, Derek Parfit
Of Motion, Aristotle
Achilles and the Tortoise, Max Black
Of the Idea of Necessary Connection, David Hume
Causation, David Lewis
The Sea-Battle Tomorrow, Aristotle
The Problem of Future Contingencies, Richard Taylor
Freedom and Necessity, A. J. Ayer
Human Freedom and the Self, Roderick M. Chisholm
Alternative Possibilities and Moral Responsibility, Harry G. Frankfurt
The Incompatibility of Free Will and Determinism, Peter van Inwagen
5. PHILOSOPHY OF MIND
Introduction, Jesse J. Prinz
Meditations on First Philosophy, René Descartes
The Causes of Behavior, B. F. Skinner
Sensations and Brain Processes, J. J. C. Smart
The Mind-Body Problem, Jerry A. Fodor
Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Alan Turing
Can Computers Think?, John Searle
The "Causal Power"of Machines, Zenon Pylyshyn
Functionalism, Qualia, and the Inverted Spectrum, Terrance Horgan
Epiphenomenal Qualia, Frank Jackson
Jackson's Knowledge Argument, Paul M. Churchland
Consciousness Explained, Daniel C. Dennett
6. PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE
Introduction, Robin Jeshion
On Sense and Meaning, Gottlob Frege
On Denoting, Bertrand Russell
Naming and Necessity, Saul A. Kripke
Thoughts, Gottlob Frege
The Problem of the Essential Indexical, John Perry
Performative Utterances, J. L. Austin
Logic and Conversation, Paul Grice
7. ETHICS
Introduction, Stuart Rachels
The Subjectivity of Values, J. L. Mackie
A Critique of Mackie, Ronald Dworkin
A Proof of the Objectivity of Morals, Renford Bambrough
Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill
The Experience Machine, Robert Nozick
Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant
A Simplified Account of Kant's Ethics, Onora O'Neill
The Right and the Good, W. D. Ross
The Challenge of Cultural Relativism, James Rachels
Egoism and Moral Scepticism, James Rachels
Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle
After Virtue, Alasdair MacIntyre
Living Ethically, Peter Singer
The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn, Jonathan Bennett
Moral Luck, Thomas Nagel
The Punishment That Leaves Something to Chance, David Lewis
Rich and Poor, Peter Singer
Equality, Entitlements, and the Distribution of Income, John Arthur
Kantian Deliberations on Famine Problems, Onora O'Neill
Why We Have No Obligations to Animals, Immanuel Kant
Constraints and Animals, Robert Nozick
The Moral Argument for Vegetarianism, James Rachels
Do Animals Have Rights?, Tibor R. Machan
8. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Introduction, Cynthia A. Stark
Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes
Second Treatise of Government, John Locke
A Theory of Justice, John Rawls
Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Robert Nozick
Illusions About Private Property and Freedom, G. A. Cohen
The Procedural Republic and the Unencumbered Self, Michael Sandel
Markets in Women's Sexual Labor, Debra Satz
9. PHILOSOPHY OF ART
Introduction, Gabriela Sakamoto
The Role of Theory in Aesthetics, Morris Weitz
Defining Art, George Dickie
The End of Art, Arthur C. Danto
Glaring Omissions in Traditional Theories of Art, Peg Zeglin Brand
Of the Standard of Taste, David Hume
Critique of Judgment, Immanuel Kant
Categories of Art, Kendall L. Walton
The Very Idea of Art, Ted Cohen