Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

Description

Although they are two aspects of the same subject, environmental toxicology and environmental chemistry are usually presented as though they are entirely separate from one another; even their practitioners often seem unaware of the connections. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry is the first text to tie these subjects closely together, demonstrating the immediate relevance of each subject to the other while also providing basic, easily understandable introductions to both areas. This unique work presents their principles and applications through numerous illustrative examples and special topics that highlight current environmental concerns. It provides up-to-date as well as historical examples of both subjects and includes discussions of ecotoxicology, epidemiology, predictive methods, and other topics not covered in similar texts. It also includes invertebrates and nonmammal vertebrates, plants, and microorganisms, as well as humans and other mammals. The first five chapters place chemicals in the environment; the following five provide the biological and toxicological settings; and the remaining six chapters offer examples of specific chemicals, their toxic effects and significance, and predictions of fate and toxicity. Each chapter concludes with a discussion of a related topic of particular public and scientific interest, such as chemical carcinogens, pesticide residues, or hazardous wastes.
Ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in environmental toxicology courses, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry offers a timely, comprehensive introduction to the principles of toxicology as they apply to our environment. It is also useful for professionals and practitioners in a wide range of environmentally related fields and businesses.

Table of Contents

Preface
1. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
1.1. Poisons
1.2. Environmental Toxicology
1.3. Environmental Chemistry
1.4. Toxicity
1.5. Hazard and Risk
1.6. Major Toxic Hazards
1.7. Perspective
1.8. References
Special Topic 1: Ecotoxicology
2. Environmental Chemicals
2.1. Chemicals in the Environment
2.2. Detection and Measurement
2.3. The Atmosphere
2.4. Water
2.5. Soils
2.6. Biota
2.7. Everyday Life
2.8. References
Special Topic 2: Pesticide Residues
3. Environmental Chemodynamics
3.1. Environmental Chemodynamics
3.2. Dissolution
3.3. Solvent Partitioning
3.4. Volatilization
3.5. Adsorption
3.6. Significance
3.7. References
Special Topic 3: The Great Escape
4. Environmental Transport
4.1. Dissipation of Chemicals
4.2. Transport in and from Surface Water
4.3. Transport in Soil and Groundwater
4.4. Atmospheric Transport
4.5. Commercial Conveyance
4.6. Global Transport
4.7. References
Special Topic 4: Wind, Water, and Waves
5. Abiotic Transformations
5.1. Transformations
5.2. Photochemistry
5.3. Oxidation
5.4. Reduction
5.5. Hydrolysis
5.6. Some Other Abiotic Reactions
5.7. Summary of Abiotic Reactions
5.8. References
Special Topic 5: Free Radicals and the Ozone Layer
6. Biotransformations
6.1. Biotransformations
6.2. Transformations by Microorganisms
6.3. Transformations in Animals and Higher Plants
6.4. Comparative Metabolism
6.5. Summary of Biotransformations
6.6. References
Special Topic 6: Anatomy of an Oil Spill
7. Intoxication
7.1. The Intoxication Process
7.2. Absorption and Disposition
7.3. Factors Governing Intoxication
7.4. Toxic Effects
7.5. References
Special Topic 7: Adaptation
8. Quantitative Toxicology
8.1. Dose-Response Relationships
8.2. Factors Affecting Quantitative Responses
8.3. Toxicokinetics
8.4. Toxicity Measurements and Endpoints
8.5. Data from Humans
8.6. References
Special Topic 8: Epidemiology
9. Intoxication Mechanisms
9.1. The Biochemical Lesion
9.2. Receptors and Targets
9.3. Mechanisms of General Toxicity
9.4. Animal-specific Mechanisms
9.5. Plant-specific Mechanisms
9.6. Microbe-specific Mechanisms
9.7. Perspective
9.8. References
Special Topic 9: Chemical Carcinogens
10. Exposure and Risk
10.1. Hazard and Risk
10.2. Exposure
10.3. Risk Assessments
10.4. Ecological Risk
10.5. Risk Management
10.6. References
Special Topic 10: PBPK Models
11. Inorganic Toxicants
11.1. Toxic Inorganic Chemicals
11.2. Some Basic Chemistry
11.3. Nonmetallic Elements
11.4. The Metalloids
11.5. Heavy Elements
11.6. Transition Elements
11.7. Radioactive Elements
11.8. Other Toxic Elements
11.9. References
Special Topic 11: Methylation of Metals and Metalloids
12. Biotoxins
12.1. Biotoxins
12.2. The Alkaloids
12.3. Toxic Glycosides
12.4. Plant Phenolics
12.5. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
12.6. Lactone Mycotoxins
12.7. Perspective
12.8. References
Special Topic 12: Allelochemicals
13. Industrial Chemicals
13.1. Industrial Chemicals
13.2. Petrochemicals
13.3. Toxic Byproducts and Conversion Products
13.4. References
Special Topic 13: Why Chlorinate?
14. Refractory Pollutants
14.1. Refractory Chemicals
14.2. DDT and DDE
14.3. Chlorinated Alicyclics
14.4. Chlorinated Dioxins
14.5. Polychlorinated Biphenyls
14.6. Phthalate Esters
14.7. Perspective
14.8. References
Special Topic 14: Environmental Persistence
15. Reactive Pollutants
15.1. Reactivity
15.2. Alkyl Halides
15.3. Chlorophenols
15.4. Divalent Sulfur Compounds
15.5. Dithiocarbamates
15.6. Nitroarenes
15.7. Amines and Their Derivatives
15.8. Esters
15.9. Carbon Monoxide and Cyanides
15.10. Perspective
15.11. References
Special Topic 15: Hazardous Waste
16. Predicting Environmental Fate and Effects
16.1. Quantitative Prediction
16.2. Predicting Environmental Transport
16.3. Predicting Environmental Transformations
16.4. Modeling Environmental Fate
16.5. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relations (QSAR)
16.6. Microcosms (Model Ecosystems)
16.7. References
Special Topic 16: QSAR and Toxicity
Glossary
Index