Discovering Music

Description

Make your Music Appreciation course as inspiring as the music it covers. Discovering Music, Second Edition, offers a compelling and contemporary guide that invites your students to connect intellectually and emotionally with music from the Western canon and beyond. The second edition features an expanded video program, additional coverage of women and minority composers, and new "Making Connections" sections that allow students to make connections with non-Western musical traditions. Please click the "Book Information" tab for detailed information on the text's unique features.

Digital Learning Tools to Enrich Your Course

All new print and electronic versions of Discovering Music, Second Edition, come with access to a full suite of engaging digital learning tools that can be delivered in a variety of ways to suit your course needs: in your local LMS with Oxford's interoperable course cartridge, in Oxford's cloud-based Dashboard, or in a stand-alone enhanced eBook.

An enhanced eBook integrates Larry Todd's engaging narrative with a rich assortment of audio and video resources

Streaming audio provides students with access to high-quality recordings of all seventy-eight key pieces discussed in the text

Digital Listening Maps animate the "First Listen" segment of the in-text Listening Maps, making it easier for students to follow along with the music

A collection of fifty-six engaging videos provides hours of rich multimedia content, including instrument demonstrations by members of the Boston Symphony Orchestra; opera performance clips; new non-Western music demonstrations; and author videos in which R. Larry Todd explains and demonstrates key concepts

Auto-graded quizzes test students' knowledge. Quizzes average 8-10 questions in length and often include at least one listening question related to a brief audio clip.

New assignable "Listening Log" essay activities in each part ask students to find and explore additional musical examples related to material discussed in the part

New to this Edition

• An enhanced eBook integrates Larry Todd's engaging narrative with a rich assortment of audio and video resources
• New "Making Connections" features allow students to make connections with non-Western musical traditions
• Expanded inclusion of women and minority composers features coverage of Barbara Strozzi, Maria Theresia von Paradis, and Chevalier de Saint-Georges

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Each chapter ends with a "Check Your Knowledge" section.
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART I. THE ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
The Listening Experience
Musical Elements: An Overview
What Is Classical Music?
Classical Periods and Styles
The Classical-Popular Connection
TIMELINE
Chapter 1. Pitch, Melody, and Key
Pitch
Notating Pitch
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Physics of Sound: The Octave
Clefs
Sharps, Flats, and Naturals
Melody
Phrases and Intervals
Consonance and Dissonance
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Ancient Greeks and Consonances
Key
The Major and Minor Scales
The Chromatic Scale
Chapter 2. Rhythm, Meter, Texture, and Dynamics
Rhythmic Values
Tempo Markings
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Metronome
Pulse or Beat
Measures
Upbeats and Downbeats
Meter
Time Signatures
Texture
Monophonic Texture
Polyphonic Texture and Counterpoint
Harmony
Homophonic Texture
The Triad
Harmonic Progression
Tonality
Dynamics
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Sound of Silence
Chapter 3. Timbre, Instruments, and Ensembles
Timbre
The Voice
The Family of Musical Instruments
Musical Ensembles
Instrumental Ensembles
Vocal Ensembles
Mixed Ensembles
Benjamin Britten, The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1946)
Listening Map 1: Benjamin Britten, The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra [1946]
Chapter 4. Musical Form
Binary and Ternary Form
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Musical Form in Architecture and Painting
Chapter 5. Learning How to Listen
Listening to Hamilton, "My Shot"
Context
Style
Form
Mapping the Listening Experience
Overview Table
Listening Map 2: Miranda, "My Shot," Hamilton
Check Your Knowledge
PART II. THE MIDDLE AGES
Why Listen to Medieval Music?
Milestones of the Medieval Era
TIMELINE
Chapter 6. Origins of Medieval Music
Chapter 7. Music for the Christian Church
Gregorian Chant
The Divine Office and the Mass
Medieval Christmas Music: Viderunt omnes
Check Your Knowledge
Listening Map 3: Anonymous, Viderunt omnes ("All the Ends of the Earth") [fifth century]
Chapter 8. Hildegard of Bingen
Listening Map 4: Hildegard of Bingen, O viridissima virga ("O Greenest Branch") [twelfth century]
Chapter 9. Léonin and the Rise of Polyphony
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Gothic Cathedrals and Polyphonic Architecture
Listening Map 5: Léonin, First Respond from Viderunt omnes ("All the Ends of the Earth") [twelfth century]
Chapter 10. Secular Medieval Music
Musical Instruments
Secular Medieval Song
Chapter 11. Machaut and the Rise of Secular Polyphony
Listening Map 6: Machaut, Puis qu'en oubli sui de vous ("Since you have forgotten me") [ca. 1365]
PART II SUMMARY
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Myanmar: Buddhist Chant and Ritual Music
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Music for Celebrations
PART III. THE RENAISSANCE
Why Listen to Renaissance Music?
Humanism
Rebirth
TIMELINE
Classical Revival
Artists as Individual Creators
Transition to Modernity
Chapter 12. The Development of Renaissance Music
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Renaissance Rediscovers Classical Antiquity
Chapter 13. Guillaume Dufay and the Franco-Flemish Style
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Brunelleschi's Dome
Listening Map 7: Guillaume Dufay, Mass Se la face ay pale, Kyrie [1450]
Check Your Knowledge
Chapter 14. Josquin Desprez
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Lorenzo the Magnificent
Listening Map 8: Josquin Desprez, Ave Maria [ca. 1485]
Chapter 15. Palestrina and the Counter-Reformation
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Martin Luther and the Reformation
Chapter 16. New Currents: National Styles
The Italian Madrigal
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Art Imitates Life: The Shocking Music of Carlo Gesualdo, Prince of Venosa
The English Madrigal
Listening Map 9: Thomas Weelkes, "As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending" [1601]
Chapter 17. The Rise of Instrumental Music
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The English Reformation
Listening Map 10: William Byrd, "Pavana Lachrymae" for harpsichord solo, based on John Dowland's lute song "Flow My Tears" [ca. 1600]
PART III SUMMARY
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Bali: Gamelan Music
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Gamelan and the West
PART IV. THE BAROQUE
Why Listen to Baroque Music?
Baroque Art and Architecture
The Musical Legacy of the Baroque
TIMELINE
Chapter 18. Elements of Baroque Music
The Development of Tonality
The Basso Continuo
Melody, Rhythm, and Dynamics in Baroque Music
Chapter 19. Claudio Monteverdi and the Rise of Italian Opera
MAKING CONNECTIONS: St. Mark's Basilica, Venice
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Orfeo and the Rise of the Orchestra
Listening Map 11: Monteverdi, Orfeo, Act III, "Possente spirto" ("O powerful spirit"), excerpt [1607]
Barbara Strozzi and the Chamber Cantata
Listening Map 12: Barbara Strozzi, "Voglio morire" from L'Amante segreto (The Secret Lover) [1651]
Chapter 20. The Spread of Opera
Opera in France
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Music as Royal Power: Lully at the Court of Louis XIV
Henry Purcell and English Opera
Listening Map 13: Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, Act III, "When I Am Laid in Earth" [1689]
Chapter 21. Baroque Instrumental Music
The Violin Family
The Harpsichord
The Organ
New Musical Genres
Arcangelo Corelli
The Baroque Concerto
Listening Map 14: Corelli, Trio Sonata in A minor, Op. 3 No. 10 [1689]
Chapter 22. Antonio Vivaldi
Listening Map 15: Vivaldi, Spring from The Four Seasons, Op. 8 No. 1, First Movement [ca. 1725]
Chapter 23. Johann Sebastian Bach's Life and Career
Bach's Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Move to C:othen
Final Years in Leipzig
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Bach's Children and Wives
Chapter 24. Bach's Instrumental Music
Bach and the Fugue
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Fugues beyond Music
Listening Map 16: J. S. Bach, "Little" Fugue in G minor for Organ [ca. 1708-1717]
Bach's Concertos
Listening Map 17: J. S. Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D major, First Movement [1721 or earlier]
Chapter 25. Bach's Sacred Music
Bach's Cantatas
MAKING CONNECTIONS: A Tale of Two Churches
Listening Map 18: J. S. Bach, Cantata No. 140, Wachet auf (Sleepers, Awake!), First Movement [1731]
Bach's Other Religious Music
Chapter 26. George Frideric Handel
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Handel versus Bach: Two Baroque Titans Compared
Handel's Life and Career
Listening Map 19: Handel, Water Music: Alla Hornpipe [1717]
Handel and Italian Opera
Chapter 27. Handel and the English Oratorio
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Handel, the Duke of Cumberland, and Bonnie Prince Charlie
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Handel's Messiah and Jonathan Swift
Listening Map 20: Handel, Messiah, Aria, "Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion" [1742]
Listening Map 21: Handel, Messiah, "Hallelujah Chorus" [1742]
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Standing Up for Handel
Chapter 28. The End of the Baroque
PART IV SUMMARY
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Japan: The Koto
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Musical Representations of Spring
PART V. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
Why Listen to Music from the Classical Period?
The Enlightenment
TIMELINE
The Revival of Antiquity
Chapter 29. Music in the Classical Period
Composers of the New Classicism
Melody in Classical Music
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Balance in Neoclassical Art and Architecture
Dynamics in Classical Music
The Fortepiano
Rhythm in Classical Music
Harmony and Texture in Classical Music
Chapter 30. Genres and Forms in Classical Music
New Instrumental Genres
Sonata Form
The Sonata Form in Action
Theme and Variations Form
Minuet and Trio
Listening Map 22: Mozart, Eine kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Night Music), K. 525, First Movement, Allegro [1787]
Listening Map 23: Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G major ("Surprise"), Second Movement (Andante) [1791]
Rondo Form
Listening Map 24: Mozart, Eine kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Night Music), K. 525, Third Movement (Allegretto) [1787]
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Rise of the Minuet
Listening Map 25: Beethoven, Piano Sonata in C minor, Op. 13 ("Pathétique"), Third Movement (Allegro) [1798]
Chapter 31. Joseph Haydn
Haydn's Life and Music
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Esterházys and Haydn
Haydn and the Classical Orchestra
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Haydn in England
Haydn and the String Quartet
Listening Map 26: Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G major ("Surprise"), Fourth Movement (Allegro Molto) [1791]
Haydn's Influence
Listening Map 27: Haydn, String Quartet in G major, Op. 76 No. 3 ("Emperor"), Second Movement (Poco adagio; cantabile) [1797]
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Politics of Haydn's "Emperor's Hymn"
Chapter 32. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Mozart's Life and Career
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Mozart as Freemason
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Mozart and Posterity
Mozart and the Classical Concerto
Maria Theresia von Paradis: "The Blind Enchantress"
Mozart and Italian Opera
Listening Map 28: Maria Theresia von Paradis, "Morgenalied eines armen Mannes" ("The Morning Song of a Poor Man") [1786]
Listening Map 29: Mozart, Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major, K. 488, First Movement (Allegro) [1786]
Mozart and German Opera
Listening Map 30: Mozart, The Marriage of Figaro, K. 492, Act I, Scene 2, Figaro, "Se vuol ballare" ("If you want to dance") [1786]
Listening Map 31: Mozart, The Magic Flute, K. 620, Act II, Scene 3, Queen of the Night, "Der H:olle Rache" ("Vengeance of Hell") [1791]
Mozart's Legacy
Chapter 33. Ludwig van Beethoven
Beethoven's Early Period
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Beethoven and Haydn
Beethoven's Middle Period
Listening Map 32: Beethoven, Piano Sonata in C-sharp minor, Op. 27 No. 2 ("Moonlight"), First Movement (Adagio sostenuto) [1801]
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Napoleon as Romantic Figure
Beethoven's Fifth Symphony in C minor
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Finding Meaning in Beethoven's Fifth Symphony
Listening Map 33: Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C minor, First Movement (Allegro con brio) [1808]
Listening Map 34: Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Second Movement (Andante con moto) [1808]
Listening Map 35: Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Third Movement (Allegro) [1808]
Beethoven's Late Period
Listening Map 36: Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Fourth Movement (Allegro) [1808]
Beethoven's Death and Funeral
Beethoven's Legacy
PART V SUMMARY
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Thailand: Music of the Khaen
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Free-Reed Instruments
PART VI. THE ROMANTIC PERIOD
Why Listen to Romantic Music?
Romantic Movements
TIMELINE
Chapter 34. Music in the Romantic Period
Melody in Romantic Music
Dynamics and Expression Marks in Romantic Music
Tempo and Rhythm in Romantic Music
Harmony and Tonality in Romantic Music
Forms and Genres in Romantic Music
Timbre and Tone Color in Romantic Music
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Romantic Content in Program Music
Chapter 35. Art Song
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Lyric Poetry and Us
Schubert's Life
Schubert's Lieder
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Goethe and Music
Schubert's Erlking
Listening Map 37: Schubert, "Erlk:onig" ("The Erlking") [1815]
Robert Schumann
Schumann's Dichterliebe, Op. 48
Clara Schumann
Listening Map 38: Robert Schumann, "Im wundersch:onen Monat Mai" ("In the Lovely Month of May"), from Dichterliebe (Poet's Love) [1840]
Clara Schumann, "Liebst du um Sch:onheit" ("If You Love for Beauty")
Listening Map 39: Clara Schumann, "Liebst du um Sch:onheit" ("If You Love for Beauty") [1841]
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Clara Schumann as Composer
Chapter 36. Piano Music
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Age of the Virtuoso
Frédéric Chopin
Chopin's Nocturnes and Preludes
MAKING CONNECTIONS: A Double Portrait by Delacroix
Listening Map 40: Chopin, Nocturne in E-flat major for Piano, Op. 9 No. 2 [1831]
Listening Map 41: Chopin, Prelude in D minor for Piano, Op. 28 No. 24 [1839]
Franz Liszt
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Lisztomania
Liszt, Petrarch Sonnet No. 104
Fanny Hensel
Hensel, "Il Saltarello Romano" ("The Roman Saltarello") in A minor, Op. 6 No. 4
Listening Map 42: Liszt, Petrarch Sonnet No. 104 [1858]
Listening Map 43: Hensel, "Il Saltarello Romano" ("The Roman Saltarello") in A minor, Op. 6 No. 4 [1841]
Chapter 37. Orchestral Music
Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Mendelssohn as Conductor
Mendelssohn, Overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream, Op. 21
Listening Map 44: Mendelssohn, Overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream, Op. 21 [1826]
Hector Berlioz
Fantastic Symphony
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Romantics and Opium
Listening Map 45: Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, Finale, "Dream of a Witches' Sabbath" [1830]
Chapter 38. Romantic Opera
Italian Romantic Opera
Giuseppe Verdi
Listening Map 46: Verdi, Rigoletto, Act III, Canzone "La donna è mobile" ("Woman Is Fickle") [1851]
French Romantic Opera
German Romantic Opera
Richard Wagner
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Musical Cues in Wagner and Beyond
Listening Map 47: Wagner, Das Rheingold, concluding scene, "The Gods' Entrance into Valhalla" [1854]
Chapter 39. Late Nineteenth-Century Music
Johannes Brahms
Brahms, Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 77, Third Movement
Nationalism in Music
Listening Map 48: Brahms, Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 77, Third Movement [1879]
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Nationalism in Art
Antonín Dvorák
Dvorák, Symphony No. 9 ("From the New World"), Second Movement
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Jeanette Thurber and Music Patronage, Americanized
Russian Music
Listening Map 49: Dvorák, Symphony No. 9 ("From the New World"), Second Movement, Largo [1893]
Modest Mussorgsky: Pictures at an Exhibition
Listening Map 50: Mussorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, "The Great Gate of Kiev" (1874), orchestrated by Maurice Ravel [1922]
Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky
Program Music of the Later Nineteenth Century
Listening Map 51: Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet [1880]
Richard Strauss, Death and Transfiguration
Gustav Mahler
Listening Map 52: Strauss, Death and Transfiguration [1889]
Europe at the Close of the Century
Bizet, Carmen, Habanera from Act 1
Listening Map 53: Mahler, Songs of a Wayfarer, No. 2 [1896]
Instrumental Genres and Verismo Opera
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Afterlife of La Bohème
Listening Map 54: Bizet, Carmen Act 1, Habanera [1875]
PART VI SUMMARY
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Gambia: Kora Music of the Mandinka
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Music that Tells a Story
PART VII. THE MODERN ERA
Why Listen to Music from the Modern Era?
Modernist Innovations
TIMELINE
Chapter 40. Music in the Twentieth Century
Alternatives to Tonality
Arnold Schoenberg and the Rejection of Tonality
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Atonality and Soundtracks
New Experiments with Rhythm and Timbre
Chapter 41. The Modernist Revolution
Claude Debussy
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Eiffel Tower as Modernist Icon
Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun (1894)
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Symbolism
Listening Map 55: Debussy, Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun [1854]
Igor Stravinsky
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Ballets Russes
Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring (1913)
Listening Map 56: Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, "Introduction" and "Augursof Spring: Dance of the Adolescents" [1913]
Arnold Schoenberg
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Wassily Kandinsky and German Expressionism
Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire (1912), "Valse de Chopin"
Listening Map 57: Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, No. 5, "Valse de Chopin" [1912]
Alban Berg and Anton von Webern
Chapter 42. Neoclassicism
Sergei Prokofiev
Prokofiev, Symphony No. 1 in D major ("Classical") (1917)
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Music in the Soviet Union
Stravinsky and Neoclassicism
Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms (1930)
Listening Map 58: Prokofiev, "Classical" Symphony First Movement [1917]
Listening Map 59: Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms Second Movement (Psalm 40: 1-3) [1930]
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Stravinsky as Lecturer
Béla Bartók
Bartók, Music for String Instruments, Percussion and Celesta (1936)
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Palindromes and Musical Symmetries
Listening Map 60: Bartók, Music for String Instruments, Percussion and Celesta, Third Movement [1936]
Chapter 43. National Styles
English Music
Vaughan Williams, Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis (1910)
Listening Map 61: Vaughan Williams, Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis [1910]
Dmitri Shostakovich and Russian Music
Shostakovich, Fifth Symphony, Second Movement (1937)
Listening Map 62: Shostakovich, Fifth Symphony, Second Movement [1937]
Chapter 44. American Music: Beginnings to Aaron Copland
Amy Beach
Beach, Romance for Violin and Piano, Op. 23 (1893)
Charles Ives
Listening Map 63: Amy Beach, Romance for Violin and Piano, Op. 23 [1893]
Ives, General William Booth Enters into Heaven (1914)
Listening Map 64: Ives, General William Booth Enters into Heaven [1914]
William Grant Still
Still, "Afro-American" Symphony, Third Movement ("Humor") (1930)
Listening Map 65: William Grant Still, "Afro-American" Symphony, Third Movement ("Humor") [1930]
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Harlem Renaissance and the "New Negro"
George Gershwin
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Rhapsody in Blue: An Icon of American Music
Gershwin, "Summertime," from Porgy and Bess (1935)
Listening Map 66: Gershwin, "Summertime," from Porgy and Bess, as performed by Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong [1957]
Aaron Copland
Copland, Appalachian Spring (1944)
Listening Map 67: Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 7: Variations on the Shaker melody "Simple Gifts" [1944]
Chapter 45. Jazz
The Rise of Jazz: Ragtime and Blues
Ragtime
The Blues
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Robert Johnson and the Blues as Literature
Bessie Smith, "Lost Your Head Blues" (1926)
Listening Map 68: Bessie Smith, "Lost Your Head Blues" [1926]
Early Jazz: New Orleans and Beyond
The Birth of Swing Music
Duke Ellington
Ellington, "Mood Indigo" (1930)
Listening Map 69: Duke Ellington, "Mood Indigo" [1930]
The Birth of Bebop
Charlie Parker, "Constellation" (1948)
Listening Map 70: Charlie Parker, "Constellation" [1948]
Cool and Free Jazz
Miles Davis
Listening Map 71: Miles Davis, Bitches Brew ("Miles Runs the Voodoo Down," opening section) [1969]
Chapter 46. Film Music, Musicals, and Contemporary Popular Styles
The Rise of Film Music
John Williams
Listening Map 72: John Williams, "Imperial March" from The Empire Strikes Back [1980]
Musicals
Leonard Bernstein
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The Many Roles of Leonard Bernstein
Listening Map 73: Leonard Bernstein, West Side Story, Balcony Scene, "Tonight" [1957]
MAKING CONNECTIONS: The '60s: Music of Protest
Chapter 47. The Eclipse of Modernism: New Frontiers
The New Order: Total Serialism
New Resources in Sound
Edgard Varèse
MAKING CONNECTIONS: An Early Electronic Studio
Listening Map 74: Edgard Varèse, Poème électronique (Electronic Poem), opening 2'36" [1958]
Further Developments in Electronic Music
Chance in Music
John Cage
Listening Map 75: John Cage, 4'33" [1951]
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Across the Arts: John Cage, Robert Rauschenberg, and Merce Cunningham
Women and Contemporary Music
Ellen Taaffe Zwilich
Listening Map 76: Ellen Taaffe Zwilich, Concerto grosso, First Movement [1985]
Postmodernism
Minimalism
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Minimalism in the Visual Arts
John Adams
Listening Map 77: Adams, Short Ride in a Fast Machine [1986]
The Future Beckons
Into the Twenty-First Century
Sofia Gubaidulina
The Future
Listening Map 78: Sofia Gubaidulina, Violin Concerto No. 2 ("In tempus praesens"), opening section [2007]
PART VII SUMMARY
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: North India: Rhythm in Hindustani Music
MAKING CONNECTIONS: Rhythm in Music
Glossary
Index