Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change

Description

Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change presents an integrated examination of chemical processes in the atmosphere, focusing on global-scale problems and their role in the evolution of the Earth system. Taking a largely interdisciplinary approach, it features the collective efforts of a group of scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), as well as other experts from several universities and national laboratories. Topics discussed include the fundamental physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect the atmospheric composition; the chemical mechanisms that affect the production and the fate of important chemical compounds; and the techniques used to investigate the chemical processes in the atmosphere. The book concludes with discussions on global problems related to the atmosphere (stratospheric ozone depletion, changes in greenhouse gases, and global chemical pollution), the relationship between the atmosphere and the global climate, and the long-term chemical evolution of the atmosphere. Each chapter features a brief essay by a leader in the field and includes a large number of current references. Ideal for graduate courses in atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric science, Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change also serves as an authoritative and practical reference for scientists studying the Earth's atmosphere. Support materials for the book are available via the website http://acd.ucar.edu/textbook

Table of Contents

Preface
Contributing Authors
List of Frequently Used Symbols
1. Atmospheric Chemistry and the Earth System
1.1. Introduction
1.2. The Earth System
Further Reading
Essay: Atmospheric Chemistry and the Earth System, Ralph J. Cicerone
Part 1: Fundamentals
2. Atmospheric Dynamics and Transport
2,1. Introduction
2.2. The Governing Equations
2.3. Constraints on Atmospheric Motion
2.4. Zonal Means and Eddies
2.5. Atmospheric Waves
2.6. Tropospheric Circulation and Transport
2.7. Stratospheric Circulation and Transport
2.8. Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange
Further Reading
Essay: Why Understand Dynamics -- And What Is "Understanding" Anyway?, Michael McIntyre
3. Chemical and Photochemical Processes
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Radiation
3.3. Photophysical and Photochemical Processes
3.4. Chemical Reactions
3.5. Catalytic Cycles
3.6. Role of Excited States
3.7. Measurements of Rate Coefficients
3.8. The Steady State Approximation
3.9. Lifetimes in the Atmosphere
Further Reading
Essay: When Do We Know Enough about Atmospheric Chemistry?, Harold Schiff
4. Aerosols and Clouds
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Overview of the Atmospheric Aerosol
4.3. The Role of Clouds in Tropospheric Chemistry
4.4. Single-Particle Physical Characteristics
4.5. Gas-to-Particle Conversion
4.6. Acid-Base Reactions of Aerosol Particles
4.7. Removal Processes Associated with Aerosols
4.8. Solubility of Gases in Droplets
4.9. Mass Transfer Rates
4.10. Aqueous Reaction
Further Reading
Essay: Aerosols and Clouds: A Postscript, Richard Turco
5. Trace Gas Exchanges and Biogeochemical Cycles
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Surface Exchanges
5.3. The Global Water Cycle
5.4. The Global Carbon Cycle
5.5. The Global Nitrogen Cycle
5.6. The Global Sulfur Cycle
5.7. Halogens
Further Reading
Essays: The View from Outside, James Lovelock
Part 2: Chemical Families
6. Hydrogen Compounds
6.1. Importance of Atmospheric Hydrogen Compounds
6.2. Scope and Definitions
6.3. Sources of Hydrogen to the Atmosphere
6.4. Chemistry of Hydrogen Species in the Middle Atmosphere
6.5. Chemistry of Hydrogen Compounds in the Troposphere
6.6. Concentrations of Hydrogen Compounds in the Stratosphere
6.7. Concentrations of Hydrogen Compounds in the Troposphere
6.8. Summary
Further Reading
Essay: Hydrogen Compounds, Dieter Ehhalt
7. Nitrogen Compounds
7.1. Importance of Atmospheric Odd Nitrogen
7.2. Scope and Definitions
7.3. The Role of Odd Nitrogen in the Stratosphere
7.4. Odd Nitrogen in the "Contemporary" Stratosphere
7.5. Odd Nitrogen in the Troposphere
7.6. Experimental Summary of the Influence of Odd Nitrogen in the Continental Boundary Layer
7.7. NO3 Chemistry
7.8. Gaseous Acid and Particulate Nitrate Formation
7.9 Chemistry of Organic Nitrates.
Further Reading
Essay: Time's Arrow, Ian Galbally
8. Halogen Compounds
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Scope and Definitions
8.3. Sources of Halogens
8.4. Loss Processes of Halogen Source Gases
8.5. Inorganic Chemistry of Halogen Species
8.6. Controlling the Detrimental Effects of Halogens on the Atmosphere; Future Outlook
Further Reading
Essay: CFCs and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, Mario Molina
9. Carbon-Containing Compounds
9.1.
9.2. Scope and Definitions
9.3. Atmospheric Photochemistry of Hydrocarbons
9.4. Distribution of Hydrocarbons
Further Reading
Essay: Hydrocarbons, Hanwant Singh
10. Sulfur Compounds
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Scope and Definitions
10.3. Sulfur Compounds
10.4. Tropospheric Chemistry of Sulfur Compounds
10.5. Measurements of Sulfur Gas Abundances and Distributions
10.6. SO2 and Acid Precipitation
10.7. Stratospheric Sulfur Chemistry
10.8. Gas Phase Ionic Chemistry in the Statosphere
Further Reading
Essay: Sulfur, Aerosols, Clouds and Rain, Robert J. Charlson
Part 3: Tools
11. Observational Methods: Instruments and Platforms
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Instrumentation for Constituent Measurements
11.3. Flux Measurements
11.4. Measurements of Atmospheric Radiation
11.5. Instrumentation for Aerosol andrCloud Measurements
11.6. Observing Platforms
Further Reading
Essay: From Individual Measurements to Scale Integration Strategies, Gerard Megie
12. Modeling
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Model Equations
12.3. Modeling Chemical Processes
12.4. Modeling Atmospheric Transport
12.5. Examples and Illustrations
12.6. Modeling Global Budgets and Biogeochemical Cycles
12.7. Data Assimilation
12.8. Inverse Modeling
12.9 Chemical-Transport Models in the Future.
Further Reading
Essay: How Complex Do Models Need to Be?, Henning Rodhe
Part 4: Ozone, Climate and Global Change
13. Tropospheric Ozone
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Distribution and Trends
13.3. Production and Loss of Ozone
13.4. Major Uncertainties and Research Needs
Further Reading
Essay: Tropospheric Ozone, Paul Crutzen
14. Middle Atmospheric Ozone
14.1. Introduction
14.2. The Ozone Distribution
14.3. Ozone Production
14.4. Ozone Destruction
14.5. Transport Effects
14.6. Polar Ozone
14.7. Ozone Peturbations
14.8. Imapct of Ozone Depletion on UV Radiation
Further Reading
Essay: Ozone Depletion: From Pole to Pole, Susan Solomon
15. Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Radiation in the Atmosphere
15.3. Natural Variations: Past Climates
15.4. Impact of Anthropogenic Trace Gases on Climate
15.5. Global Warming Potentials (GWPs)
15.6. Radiative Effects of Aerosols
15.7. Response of the Climate System to Radiative Forcing
Further Reading
Essay: Can Climate Models be Validated?, Stephen H. Schneider
16. Atmospheric Evolution and Global Perspective
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Atmospheric Evolution on Geological Timescales
16.3. Human Influences on the Atmosphere
16.4. Future Trends
16.5. Global Perspective
Further Reading
Essay: The Atmospheric Humankind: Our Related Futures, Daniel L. Albritton
Appendices
A: Physical Constants and Other Data
B: Units, Conversion Factors, and Multiplying Prefixes
C: Atmospheric Parameters and Mixing Ratios of Chemical Constituents
D: Chemical Species in the Atmosphere
E: Rate Coefficients for Second-Order Gas Phase Reactions
F: Rate Coefficients for Association Gas Phase Reactions
G: Mass Accomidation Coefficients
H: Surface Reaction Probability
I: Atmospheric Humidity
J: Henry's Law Coefficients
K: Aqueous Equilibrium Constants
L: Rate Coefficients for Aqueous Phase Reactions
M: Spectrum of Solar Extraterrestrial Actinic Flux (120-730 nm)
N: Photolysis Frequencies
Sample Problems
References
Index