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Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, Jr., David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano

Primer On

Presents an overview of the classic literature and historical events leading to the DSM-5 diagnoses of trauma- and stressor-related disorders
Etiology section covers recent neurobiological, neuroimaging, neurochemical, and genomic and epigenetic research on PTSD, including possible treatment implications
Examines RSRD manifestations across the lifespan and in a variety of special populations
Contains easily accessible key points and graphics for effective learning

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, Jr., David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano

Description

Trauma, stress, and manmade and natural disasters are increasingly impacting individuals and communities. The clinical and scientific advances presented here strive to address the rapidly expanding individual and community burden of disease resulting from the experience of traumatic or stressful events. The authors describe the suffering which trauma- and stressor-related disorders (TSRDs) cause, and explain in 30 concise chapters the state of the science for the DSM-5 trauma- and stressor-related disorders with regard to pathogenesis, diagnostic assessment and approach to treatment. This volume presents the genetic, neurochemical, developmental, and psychological foundations and epidemiology of the trauma- and stressor-related disorders, in addition to specific guidance on screening and evaluation, diagnosis, prevention, and biological, psychological and social treatments.

The chapters in this book cover a variety of TSRDs: posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, persistent complex bereavement disorder, and reactive attachment and disinhibited social engagement disordersd. Graphics, including neuroimaging are integrated for easy reference and to aid grasping of key concepts. The book draws on the current literature and provides brief case scenarios from individuals and families exposed to psychological or physical traumas, including mass trauma events. Factors contributing to susceptibility to these disorders and to resilience are also addressed.

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders provides an in-depth yet succinct introduction to current clinical and research knowledge for trainees and for professionals including psychotherapeutic, psychopharmacological, public health, and policy interventions. It addresses the level of evidence for different best practices to target the disabling cognitive, emotional or behavioral symptoms for a specific patient or population.

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, Jr., David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano

Primer On

Preface
Contributors

Section 1. Background and Diagnostic Assessment

1. History and Evolution of the Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Frederick J. Stoddard Jr., David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano
2. Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
Eric L. Scott, Christopher Keary, Jennifer M. King, Charles H. Zeanah, and Christopher J. McDougle
3. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Frederick J. Stoddard Jr., David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano
4. Acute Stress Disorder
Richard A. Bryant
5. Adjustment Disorder
Allison M. B. Webb, Shannon C. Ford, and Patcho N. Santiago
6. Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder
Meredith E. Charney, Sarah Wieman, Nicole Leblanc, and Naomi Simon

Section 2: Epidemiology and Special Populations

7. Epidemiology of Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
David M. Benedek
8. PTSD in Children 6 Years and Younger
Alexandra C. De Young and Michael S. Scheeringa
9. Trauma in Late Life
Kenneth Sakauye and James E. Nininger
10. Population Trauma: Disasters
Frederick J. Stoddard Jr., Robert J. Ursano, and Stephen J. Cozza
11. Culture and Trauma-Related Disorders
Devon E. Hinton and Roberto Lewis-Fernández

Section 3: Etiology

12. The Role of Stress in the Etiology of PTSD
Edward F. Pace-Schott and Samuel Gazecki
13. Characterization, Conceptualization, and Treatment of Sleep Disturbances in PTSD
Edward F. Pace-Schott and Ryan Bottary
14. The Neurochemistry and Epigenetics of PTSD: Implications for Therapeutics
Robert M. Post
15. Neurobiology and Neuroimaging of PTSD
Mohammed R. Milad and Kylie N. Moore
16. PTSD in Women: Sex Differences and Gonadal Hormones
Lisa Y. Maeng and Mohammed R. Milad
17. Genetics and Gene-Environment Interaction
Torsten Klengel, Lauren A. M. Lebois, Sheila Gaynor, and Guia Guffanti
18. Trauma in the Medical Surgical Patient
Nadia Quijije
19. Susceptibility, Resilience, and Trajectories
Jack Tsai, Natalie Jones, Robert H. Pietrzak, Ilan Harpz-Rotem, and Steven M. Southwick

Section 4: Prevention and Treatment
20. Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Adults with PTSD
Juliette M. Harik, Jessica L. Hamblen, Sonya B. Norman, and Paula P. Schnurr
21. Psychosocial Interventions for Child Traumatic Stress
Glenn N. Saxe, Hannah Gartner, and Adam D. Brown
22. Pharmacologic Treatment of Adults with Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: PTSD, ASD, and Adjustment Disorder
David M. Benedek and Gary H. Wynn
23. Pharmacologic Treatment of Children with Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Suni Jani, Ryan Herringa, and Derek Hursey
24. Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Gary H. Wynn and David M. Benedek
25. Device-Based Treatment for PTSD
Meng-chen Lo, Marie-France Marin, Alik S. Widge, and Mohammed R. Milad
Section 5: Care Delivery Services and Perspectives
26. Systems of Care: Public Sector, Disaster, and Military Populations
Elspeth Cameron Ritchie
27. Trauma- and Stress-Related Issues in the Workplace
Brian Flynn
28. Family-Based Interventions for PTSD
Stephen J. Cozza
29. Ethical Issues in the Forensic Assessment of Posttraumatic Symptoms
Edmund G. Howe
30. Future Directions in Clinical Care, Research, and Nosology
Frederick J. Stoddard Jr., David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, Jr., David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano

Primer On

Author Information

Frederick J. Stoddard Jr., MD
Professor, Department of Psychiatry
Harvard Medical School
Psychiatrist, Massachusetts General Hospital
Shriners Hospital for Children
Boston, MA

David M. Benedek, MD
Professor & Chair, Department of Psychiatry
Uniformed Services University School of Medicine
Bethesda, MD

Mohammed R. Milad, PhD
Professor, Department of Psychiatry
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, IL

Robert J. Ursano, MD
Director, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress
Professor of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
Chair, Department of Psychiatry
Uniformed Services University School of Medicine
Bethesda, MD

Contributors:

David M. Benedek, MD
Professor & Chair, Department of Psychiatry
Uniformed Services University School of Medicine
Bethesda, MD

Richard A. Bryant, M.Clin.Psych., PhD
Scientia Professor
School of Psychology
University of New South Wales, Sydney
Sydney, NSW, Australia

Ryan Bottary, BS
Department of Psychiatry
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA

Adam D. Brown, PsyD
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
New York University School of Medicine
New York, NY

Meredith Charney, PhD
Instructor in Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
Assistant in Psychology, Massachusetts General Hospital
Director of Psychotherapy and Training, MGH Center for Anxiety & Traumatic Stress Disorders
Staff Psychologist, Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program
Boston, MA

Stephen J. Cozza, MD
Professor, Department of Psychiatry
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Bethesda, MD

Alexandra C. De Young
Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research
University of Queensland
Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Bryan Flynn, MD
Department of Psychiatry
Uniformed Services University
Associate Director, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress
Bethesda, MD

Shannon C. Ford, MD
Psychiatrist
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Bethesda, MD

Hannah Gartner, BA
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
New York University School of Medicine
New York, NY

Sheila Gaynor
Department of Psychiatry
McLean Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA

Samuel Gazecki
Department of Psychiatry
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA

Guia Guffanti, PhD
Department of Psychiatry
McLean Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA

Jessica L. Hamblen, PhD
National Center for PTSD-Executive Division
White River Junction, VT
Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
Hanover, NH

Juliette M. Harik, PhD
National Center for PTSD-Executive Division
White River Junction, VT
Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
Hanover, NH

Ilan Harpaz-Rotem, PhD
Associate Professor of Psychiatry
VA-Yale Clinical Neurosciences PDS Research Program
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT

Ryan Herringa, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, WI

Devon E. Hinton, MD, PhD
Department of Psychiatry
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA

Edmund G. Howe, MD, JD
Department of Psychiatry
Uniformed Services University
Bethesda, MD

Derek Hursey, PharmD, RPh
Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor
Northeastern University
Director of Pharmacy Services
Shriner's Hospital for Children
Boston, MA

Suni Jani, MD, MPH
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Massachusetts General/McLean Hospital
Boston, MA

Natalie Jones, BA
Yale Department of Psychiatry
National Center for PTSD
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT

Christopher Keary, MD
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA

Jennifer M. King
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
Indianapolis, IN

Torsten Klengel, MD
Department of Psychiatry
McLean Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA

Nicole Leblanc, MA
Department of Psychology
Harvard University
Boston, MA

Lauren A.M. Lebois
Department of Psychiatry
McLean Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA

Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD
Department of Psychiatry
Columbia University
New York State Psychiatric Institute
New York, NY

Meng-chen Lo, PhD
Department of Psychiatry
Massachusetts General Hospital
Charlestown, MA
Department of Psychiatry
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA

Lisa Y. Maeng, PhD
Department of Psychiatry
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA

Marie-France Marin, PhD
Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute
Department of Psychiatry
Faculty of Medicine
Université de Montréal
Montreal, QC, Canada

Christopher J. McDougle, MD
Department of Psychiatry
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA

Mohammed R. Milad, PhD
Professor, Department of Psychiatry
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, IL

Kylie N. Moore
Department of Psychiatry
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA

James E. Nininger, MD
Clincial Associate Professor of Psychiatry
Weill/Cornell Medical College
New York, NY

Sonya B. Norman, PhD
National Center for PTSD-Executive Division
White River Junction, VT
VA San Diego Healthcare System
San Diego, CA

Kevin O'Brien, PhD
Chief, Disaster Mental Health
Department of Behavioral Health
Washington, DC

Edward F. Pace-Schott, MS, MA, PhD
Department of Psychiatry
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA

Robert H. Pietzrak, PhD, MPH
Associate Professor of Psychiatry
Director, Translational Psychiatric Epidemiology Laboratory
Clinical Neurosciences Division
US Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT

Robert M. Post, MD
Clinical Professor of Psychiatry
George Washington University School of Medicine
Bipolar Collaborative Network
Bethesda, MD

Nadia Quijije, MD
Department of Psychiatry
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA

Elspeth Cameron Ritchie, MD, MPH
COL (ret)
Chief, Mental Health
Community Based Outpatient Clinics
Washington DC VA
Washington, DC

Kenneth Sakauye, MD
Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry
University of Tennessee Health Science Center

Patcho N. Santiago, MD, MPH
Commander, Medical Corps, US Navy
Program Director, National Capital Consortium - Psychiatry
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress
Uniformed Services University
Bethesda, MD

Glenn N. Saxe, MD
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
New York University School of Medicine
New York, NY

Michael S. Scheeringa, MD, MPH
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences
Tulane University School of Medicine
New Orleans, LA

Paula P. Schnurr, PhD
National Center for PTSD-Executive Division
White River Junction, VT
Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
Hanover, NH

Eric L. Scott, PhD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases
Associate Professor of Anesthesia
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI

Naomi Simon, MD
Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School
Director, Center for Anxiety & Traumatic Stress Disorders
Chief Medical Officer, Red Sox Foundation and MGH Home Base Program
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA

Steven M. Southwick, MD
Glenn H. Greenberg Professor of Psychiatry
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT

Frederick J. Stoddard Jr., MD
Professor, Department of Psychiatry
Harvard Medical School
Psychiatrist, Massachusetts General Hospital
Shriners Hospital for Children
Boston, MA

Jack Tsai, PhD
Assistant Professor of Psychiatry
Director, Yale Division of Mental Health Services and Treatment Outcomes Research
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT

Robert J. Ursano, MD
Director, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress
Professor of Psychiatry and Neuroscience
Chair, Department of Psychiatry
Uniformed Services University School of Medicine
Bethesda, MD

Allison M.B. Webb, MD, MAT
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Bethesda, MD

Alik S. Widge, MD
Department of Psychiatry
Massachusetts General Hospital
Charlestown, MA
Department of Psychiatry
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA

Sarah Wieman, BA
Clinical Research Coordinator
Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders
Complicated Grief Program
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA

Gary H. Wynn, MD
Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress
Department of Psychiatry
Uniformed Services University
School of Medicine
Bethesda, MD

Charles H. Zeanah, MD
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences
Tulane University School of Medicine
New Orleans, LA