List of Maps
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Introduction: Why the Middle Ages Matter

PART ONE The Early Middle Ages: The Third through Ninth Centuries
1. The Roman World at its Height
The Geography of Empire
The Role of the Military
Roman Society
Roman Government
The Challenges of the Third Century
Reform, Recovery, Persecution, and Favor
Suggested Reading
Key Terms

2. The Rise of Christianity
Before Christ
The Growth of the New Religion
The Problem of Persecution
The Problem of Heresy
Constantine and Theodosius: An Imperial Church
Responses to Imperialization
Suggested Reading
Key Terms

3. Early Germanic Society
Germanic Life
Migrations and Invasions
Europe's First Kingdoms
Germanic Christianity and the Fourth “Doctor of the Church”
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

4. Cloister and Culture
The Rise of Monasticism in the East
The Rise of Monasticism in the West
Cultural Life in the West: Cassiodorus, Boethius, and St. Benedict
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

5. The Emergence of the Medieval Worlds
Continuity and Change in Northern Europe
Continuity and Change in the Mediterranean
The Rise of Islam
A Tripartite World
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

6. The Carolingian Era
The Do-Nothing Kings and the Rise of the Carolingians
The Carolingian Monarchy
Carolingian Administration
Carolingian Society
The Carolingian Cultural Renewal
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

PART TWO The Central Middle Ages: The Tenth through Twelfth Centuries
7. The Time of Troubles
Trouble from Within
Trouble from the North
Trouble from the East
Trouble from the South
The End of the World?
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

8. Revolutions on Land and Sea
Changes on the Land
A Peasant Society Emerges
Changes on the Sea
A Maritime Society Emerges
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

9. A New Europe Emerges: North and South
The Rise of Feudal Society
The First German Empire
The Rise of Capetian France
The Anglo-Norman Realm
The Spanish Kingdoms
The Italian Scene
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

10. The Reform of the Church
The Origins of the Reform
The Papal Revolution
Christendom and the East
Monastic Reforms
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

11. The Renaissances of the Twelfth Century
Aristotle, Anselm, Abelard, and Ibn Rushd
Law and Canon Law
The Recovery of Science
The Rise of the Universities
Courtly Life, Love, and Literature
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

12. The Papal Monarchy
Church against State Once More
The Consolidation of Papal Authority
The Revival of Heresy
The Albigensian Crusade and the Origins of the Inquisition
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

PART THREE The Late Middle Ages: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
13. Politics in the Thirteenth Century
The Rise of Representative Institutions
England and France
Germany, Italy, and the Papacy
The New Mediterranean Superpowers
Eastern Europe
Byzantium and Islam in the Thirteenth Century
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

14. Art and Intellect in the Thirteenth Century
Scholasticism
From Romanesque to Gothic Vision
Science and Technology
Aspects of Popular Culture
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

15. Daily Life at the Medieval Zenith
Economic Changes
Peasants' Lives
Townsfolks' Lives
The Question of Literacy
Sex and the City (and the Town, and the Village)
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

16. Changes in Religious Life
The Importance of Being Penitent
The Importance of Being Poor
The Humanization of Christ and the Cult of the Virgin
Mysticism
The Spiritual World of Orthodoxy
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

17. The Crises of the Fourteenth Century
Economic Difficulties
The Great Famine
The Black Death
War Everywhere
Challenges to Church Unity
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

18. Signs of a New Era
William of Ockham
Marsilius of Padua
Dante Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer
Christine de Pizan
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

PART FOUR Two Epilogues
19. Closings In, Closings Out
The Last Years of Byzantium
The Search for a New Route to the East
Closing In on Muslim Spain
The Expulsions of the Jews
Closing In Forever: The Forced Cloistering of Female Religious
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

20. The Renaissance in Medieval Context
Economies New and Old circa 1400
The Meaning of Humanism
The Canonization of Classical Culture
The Rejection of the Middle Ages
Key Terms
Suggested Reading

Appendix A: The Medieval Popes
Appendix B: The Carolingians
Appendix C: The Capetians
Appendix D: France: The Valois
Appendix E: England: The Norman and Plantagenet Dynasties
Appendix F: England: The Lancastrian and Yorkist Dynasties
Appendix G: Germany: The Ottonian, Salian, and Hohenstaufen Dynasties
Appendix H: Germany: The Late Medieval Emperors
Appendix I: The Spanish Kingdoms, 1000-1250
Appendix J: The Spanish Kingdoms, 1250-1500
Appendix K: The Emperors in Constantinople
Glossary
Index