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The Text of the New Testament

Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration

Fourth Edition

Bruce M. Metzger and Bart D. Ehrman

The Text of the New Testament

Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration

Fourth Edition

Bruce M. Metzger and Bart D. Ehrman

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Preface
Preface to the First Edition
PART I. THE MATERIALS FOR THE TEXTUAL CRITICISM OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
Chapter 1. The Making of Ancient Books
I. The Materials of Ancient Books
1. Papyrus
2. Parchment
3. Ink Making
II. The Forms of Ancient Books
III. Ancient Scribes and Their Handiwork
Added Note on Colophons
IV. "Helps for Readers" in New Testament Manuscripts
1. Chapter Divisions
2. Titles of Chapters
3. Eusebian Canons
4. Hypotheses, Bioi, Euthalian Apparatus
5. Superscriptions and Subscriptions
6. Punctuation
7. Glosses, Scholia, Commentaries, Catenae, Onomastica
8. Artistic Adornment
9. Cola and Commata
10. Neumes
11. Lectionary Equipment
V. Statistics of Greek Manuscripts of the New Testament
Chapter 2. Important Witnesses to the Text of the New Testament
I. Greek Manuscripts of the New Testament
1. Important Greek Papyri of the New Testament
2. Important Greek Majuscule Manuscripts of the New Testament
3. Important Greek Minuscule Manuscripts of the New Testament
4. Other Noteworthy Manuscripts
II. Ancient Versions of the New Testament
1. The Syriac Versions
2. The Latin Versions
3. The Coptic Versions
4. The Gothic Version
5. The Armenian Version
6. The Georgian Version
7. The Ethiopic Version
8. The Old Slavonic Version
9. Other Ancient Versions
III. Patristic Quotations from the New Testament
PART II: THE HISTORY OF NEW TESTAMENT TEXTUAL CRITICISM AS REFLECTED IN PRINTED EDITIONS OF THE GREEK TESTAMENT
Chapter 3. The Precritical Period: The Origin and Dominance of the Textus Receptus
I. From Ximenes and Erasmus to the Elzevirs
II. The Collection of Variant Readings
Chapter 4. The Modern Critical Period: From Griesbach to the Present
I. The Beginnings of Scientific Textual Criticism of the New Testament
II. The Overthrow of the Textus Receptus
PART III: THE APPLICATION OF TEXTUAL CRITICISM TO THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
Chapter 5. The Origins of Textual Criticism as a Scholarly Discipline
Chapter 6. Modern Methods of Textual Criticism
I. The Classical Method of Textual Criticism
II. Reactions Against Classical Textual Criticism
1. Joseph Bédier
2. Albert C. Clark
III. Local Texts and Ancient Editions: Burnett Hillman Streeter
IV. Alternative Methods of Textual Criticism
1. The Majority Text
2. Thoroughgoing Eclecticism
V. Conjectural Emendation
VI. Methods of Determining Family Relationships Among Manuscripts
1. The Claremont Profile Method
2. The Alands' Use of Teststellen
3. The Comprehensive Profile Method
VII. The Use of Computers in New Testament Textual Criticism
1. The Collection, Recording, and Storage of Data
2. The Presentation of the Data
3. Statistical Analyses
4. Hypertext Possibilities
VIII. Significant Ongoing Projects
1. The Institut fur neutestamentliche Textforschung
2. The International Greek New Testament Project
Chapter 7. The Causes of Error in the Transmission of the Text of the New Testament
I. Unintentional Changes
1. Errors Arising from Faulty Eyesight
2. Errors Arising from Faulty Hearing
3. Errors of the Mind
4. Errors of Judgment
II. Intentional Changes
1. Changes Involving Spelling and Grammar
2. Harmonistic Corruptions
3. Addition of Natural Complements and Similar Adjuncts
4. Clearing up Historical and Geographical Difficulties
5. Conflation of Readings
6. Alterations Made Because of Doctrinal Considerations
7. Addition of Miscellaneous Details
Chapter 8. History of the Transmission of the Text of the New Testament
I. Complications in Establishing the Original Text
II. Dissemination of Early Christian Literature
III. The Rise and Development of the New Testament Text Types
1. The Western Text
2. The Alexandrian Text
3. The Byzantine Text
IV. The Use of Textual Data for the Social History of Early Christianity
1. Doctrinal Disputes of Early Christianity
2. Jewish-Christian Relations
3. The Oppression of Women in Early Christianity
4. Christian Apologia
5. Christian Asceticism
6. The Use of Magic and Fortune-Telling in Early Christianity
Chapter 9. The Practice of New Testament Textual Criticism
I. Basic Criteria for the Evaluation of Variant Readings
II. The Process of Evaluating Variant Readings
1. External Evidence
2. Internal Evidence
III. The Textual Analysis of Selected Passages
Bibliography
General Index
Index of New Testament Passages