List of Figures and Tables
Companion Website and List of Musical Examples
List of Contributors
Acknowledgements
Preface
Andy Bennett
Introduction
Sheila Whiteley
PART 1 The Pre-Digital Virtual
Introduction
1 In Seventeenth Heaven: Virtual Listening and its Discontents
Christian Lloyd
2 Nothing is Real: The Beatles as Virtual Performers
Philip Auslander and Ian Inglis
3 Tom, Jerry and the Virtual Virtuoso
Sheila Whiteley
4 Bring that Beat Back: Sampling as Virtual Collaboration
Rowan Oliver
5 An Analysis of Virtuality in the Creation and Reception of the Music of Frank Zappa
Paul Carr
PART 2 Vocaloids, Holograms and Virtual Pop Stars
Introduction
6 Vocaloids and Japanese Virtual Vocal Performance: The Cultural Heritage and Technological Futures of Vocal Puppetry
Louise H. Jackson and Mike Dines
7 Hatsune Miku and Japanese Virtual Idols
Rafal Zaborowski
8 Hatsune Miku, 2.0Pac and Beyond: Rewinding and Fast-Forwarding the Virtual Pop Star
Thomas Conner
9 "Feel Good" with Gorillaz and "Reject False Icons": The Fantasy Worlds of the Virtual Group and their Creators
Shara Rambarran
PART 3 Second Life
Introduction
10 Avatar Rockstars: Constructing Musical Personae in Virtual Worlds
Trevor S. Harvey
11 Performing Live in Second Life
Justin Gagen and Nicholas Cook
12 Live Opera Performance in Second Life: Challenging Producers, Performers and the Audience
Marco Antonio Chávez-Aguayo
PART 4 Authorship, Creativity and Musicianship
Introduction
13 We Are, The Colors: Collaborative Narration and the Experimental Construction of a Non-Existent Band
Alon Ilsar and Charles Fairchild
14 Music in Perpetual Beta: Composition, Remediation, and 'Closure'
Paul Draper and Frank Millward
15 Justin Bieber Featuring Slipknot: Consumption as Mode of Production
Ragnhild Brøvig-Hanssen
16 Human After All: Understanding Negotiations of Artistic Identity through the Music of Daft Punk
Cora S. Palfy
17 Virtual Bands: Recording Music Under the Big Top
David Tough
PART 5 Communities and the World-Wide-Web
Introduction
18 "Uploading" to Carnegie Hall: The First YouTube Symphony Orchestra
Shzr Ee Tan
19 The Listener as Remixer: Mix Stems in Online Fan Community and Competition Contexts
Samantha Bennett
20 Sample Sharing: Virtual Laptop Ensemble Communities
Benjamin O'Brien
21 Stone Tapes: Ghost Box, Nostalgia, and Post-War England
David Pattie
22 Hypnagogia, Hauntology, Chillwave: Post-Ironic Musical Renderings of Personal Memory
Adam Trainer
23 Bands in Virtual Spaces, Social Networking and Masculinity
Danijela Bogdanovic
PART 6 Sonic Environments and Musical Experience
Introduction
24 From Environmental Sound To Virtual Environment Enhancing: Consuming Ambiance as Listening Practice
Thomas Brett
25 App Music
Jeremy Wade Morris
26 Alternative Virtuality. Independent Micro Labels Facing the Ideological Challenge of Virtual Music Culture: The Case of Finnish Ektro Records
Juho Kaitajärvi-Tiekso
27 Everybody Knows There is Here: Surveying the Indexi-Local in CBC Radio 3
Michael Audette-Longo
28 Mind Usurps Program: Virtuality and the "New Machine Aesthetic" of Electronic Dance Music
Benjamin Halligan
PART 7 Participatory Culture and Fundraising
Introduction
29 Virtual Music, Virtual Money: The Impact of Crowdfunding Models on Creativity, Authorship and Identity
Mark Thorley
30 With a Little Help From My Friends, Family and Fans. DIY, Participatory Culture and Social Capital in Music Crowdfunding
Francesco D'Amato
31 Music and Crowdfunded Websites: Digital Patronage and Artist-Fan Interactivity
Justin Williams and Ross Wilson
PART 8 Authors' Blog: Final Thoughts on Music and Virtuality
Ed. Paul Carr
PART 9 Glossary
Ed. Shara Rambarran
Index