The Nature of Emotion

Fundamental Questions, Second Edition

Second Edition

Edited by Andrew S. Fox, Regina C. Lapate, Alexander J. Shackman, and Richard J. Davidson

Series in Affective Science

100 worldwide leading emotion researchers tackle 14 fundamental questions about the nature and origins of emotion.
Critical questions include: What is an emotion? How are emotions organized in the brain? How do emotion and cognition interact? How are emotions embodied in the social world? How and why are emotions communicated? How are emotions physically embodied? What develops in emotional development?
Editors Andrew Fox, Regina Lapate, Alexander Shackman, and Richard Davidson highlight key areas in each chapter.
An essential guide for students, researchers, and clinicians.

The Nature of Emotion

Fundamental Questions, Second Edition

Second Edition

Edited by Andrew S. Fox, Regina C. Lapate, Alexander J. Shackman, and Richard J. Davidson

Description

Building on the legacy of the groundbreaking first edition, the Editors of this unique volume have selected more than 100 leading emotion researchers from around the world and asked them to address 14 fundamental questions about the nature and origins of emotion.

For example: What is an emotion? How are emotions organized in the brain? How do emotion and cognition interact? How are emotions embodied in the social world? How and why are emotions communicated? How are emotions physically embodied? What develops in emotional development?

Each chapter addresses one of these questions, with often divergent answers from the experts represented here: Adam Anderson, Lauren Atlas, Yair Bar-Haim, Lisa Feldman Barrett, Kent Berridge, Jennifer Urbano Blackford, Caroline Blanchard, Margaret Bradley, Ralph Adolphs, Joshua Carlson, Laura Carstensen, Luke Chang, Joan Chiao, Gerald Clore, Roshan Cools, Eveline Crone, Antonio Damasio, Hanna Damasio, Richard Davidson, Mauricio Delgado, Nazanin Derakshan, Nancy Eisenberg, Naomi Eisenberger, Paul Ekman, Phoebe Ellsworth, Andrew Fox, Nathan Fox, Barbara Fredrickson, Jonathan Freeman, Karl Friston, Matthias Gamer, Beatrice de Gelder, Paul Glimcher, Hill Goldsmith, Todd Hare, Lasana Harris, Catherine Hartley, Aaron Heller, Ursula Hess, Quentin Huys, Tom Johnstone, Jerome Kagan, Dacher Keltner, Brian Knutson, Peter Lang, Regina Lapate, Edward Lemay, Robert Levenson, Wen Li, Matthew Lieberman, Bruce McEwen, Katie McLaughlin, Andrew Meltzoff, Mohammed Milad, Elisabeth Murray, Kristin Naragon-Gainey, Charles Nelson, Paula Niedenthal, Hadas Okon-Singer, Jaak Panksepp, Carolyn Parkinson, Luiz Pessoa, Rosalind Picard, Carien van Reekum, Edmund Rolls, Melissa Rosenkranz, Carol Ryff, Tim Salomons, Anil Seth, Alexander Shackman, Rebecca Shiner, Tania Singer, Peter Sokol-Hessner, Leah Somerville, Daniel Tranel, Kay Tye, Tor Wager, Leanne Williams, Rachel Yehuda, and David Zald.

At the end of each chapter, the Editors—Andrew Fox, Regina Lapate, Alexander Shackman, and Richard Davidson—highlight key areas of agreement and disagreement.

In the final chapter—The Nature of Emotion: A Research Agenda for the 21st Century—the Editors outline their own perspective on the most important challenges facing the field today and the most fruitful avenues for future research.

Not a textbook offering a single viewpoint, The Nature of Emotion reveals the central issues in emotion research and theory in the words of many of the leading scientists working in the field today, from senior researchers to rising stars, providing a unique and highly accessible guide for students, researchers, and clinicians.

The Nature of Emotion

Fundamental Questions, Second Edition

Second Edition

Edited by Andrew S. Fox, Regina C. Lapate, Alexander J. Shackman, and Richard J. Davidson

Series in Affective Science

Acknowledgments
Contributors
Introduction
Preface to Paul Ekman's Essay
Richard J. Davidson
How emotions might work
Paul Ekman
Question 1. What is an emotion?
Emotions and feelings: William James and the present
Antonio Damasio & Hanna Damasio
Emotions are functional states that cause feelings and behavior
Ralph Adolphs
What is emotion? A natural science perspective
Peter J. Lang & Margaret M. Bradley
Affect is essential to emotion
Kent C. Berridge
Emotions: Causes and consequences
Gerald L. Clore
What are emotional states, and what are their functions?
Edmund T. Rolls
Active inference and emotion
Karl J. Friston, Mateus Joffily, Lisa Feldman Barrett & Anil K. Seth
Emotions are constructed with interoception and concepts within a predicting brain
Lisa Feldman Barrett
Afterword
Regina C. Lapate & Alexander J. Shackman
Question 2. How are emotions, mood and temperament related?
Distinguishing affective constructs: Structure, trait- vs. state-ness, and responses to affect
Kristin Naragon-Gainey
Inhibited temperament and intrinsic versus extrinsic influences on fear circuits
Jennifer Urbano Blackford & David H. Zald
Distinctions among moods and temperaments
Jerome Kagan
Distinctions between temperament and emotion: Examining reactivity, regulation, and social understanding
Lindsay C. Bowman & Nathan A. Fox
Afterword
Alexander J. Shackman, Regina C. Lapate & Andrew S. Fox
Question 3. What are the dimensions and bases for lasting individual differences in emotion?
Personality as lasting individual differences in emotions
Rebecca L. Shiner
The bases for preservation of emotional biases
Jerome Kagan
The psychological and neurobiological bases of dispositional negativity
Alexander J. Shackman, Melissa D. Stockbridge, Edward P. Lemay, Jr. & Andrew S. Fox
Reactivity, recovery, regulation: The three R's of emotional responding
Richard J. Davidson
Afterword
Alexander J. Shackman & Andrew S. Fox
Question 4. What is the added value of studying the brain for understanding emotion?
Studying the brain is necessary for understanding emotion
Tom Johnstone
Brain and emotion research: Contributions of patient and activation studies
Robert W. Levenson
Understanding emotion by unraveling complex structure-function mappings
Luiz Pessoa
Brain studies can advance psychological understanding
Kent C. Berridge
Afterword
Alexander J. Shackman & Regina C. Lapate
Question 5. How are emotions organized in the brain?
Discrete and dimensional contributions to emotion arise from multiple brain circuits
Ralph Adolphs
Brain limbic systems as flexible generators of emotion
Kent C. Berridge
At primal levels, via vast subcortical brain networks that mediate instinctual emotional reactions that help program higher-order emotional-cognitive abilities in higher regions of the brain and mind.
Jaak Panksepp
Brain architecture and principles of the organization of emotion in the brain
Luiz Pessoa
Variation and degeneracy in the brain basis of emotion.
Lisa Feldman Barrett
How are emotions organized in the brain?
Tor D. Wager, Anjali Krishnan & Emma Hitchcock
The brain is organized to emote
Andrew S. Fox
Neural circuit mechanisms for switching emotional tracks: From positive to negative and back again
Kay M. Tye
Afterword
Alexander J. Shackman & Andrew S. Fox
Question 6. When and in what ways are emotions adaptive and maladaptive?
The ambiguous issue of adaptive emotions
Jerome Kagan
Maladaptive emotions are inseparable from inaccurate appraisals
Phoebe C. Ellsworth
Emotions aren't maladaptive
Aaron S. Heller
Cultural neuroscience of emotion
Joan Y. Chiao
Positive emotions broaden and build: Consideration for how and when pleasant subjective experiences are adaptive and maladaptive
Barbara L. Fredrickson
The social nature of emotions: Context matters
Amy Lehrner & Rachel Yehuda
Afterword
Andrew S. Fox & Regina C. Lapate
Question 7. How are emotions regulated by context and cognition?
Emotion as an evolutionary adaptive pattern: The roles of context and cognition
D. Caroline Blanchard & Brandon L. Pearson
Individual differences in fear conditioning and extinction paradigms: Insights for emotion regulation
Marie-France Marin & Mohammed R. Milad
The role of context and cognition in the placebo effect
Lauren Y. Atlas
Emotional Intensity: It is the thought that counts
Gerald L. Clore & David A. Reinhard
Emotion regulation as a change of goals and priorities
Carien M. van Reekum & Tom Johnstone
Searching for implicit emotion regulation
Matthew D. Lieberman
Fighting fire with fire: Endogenous emotion generation as a means of emotion regulation
Haakon G. Engen & Tania Singer
Afterword
Alexander J. Shackman & Regina C. Lapate
Question 8. How do emotion and cognition interact?
The interplay of emotion and cognition
Hadas Okon-Singer, Daniel M. Stout, Melissa D. Stockbridge, Matthias Gamer, Andrew S. Fox & Alexander J. Shackman
The impact of affect depends on its object
Gerald L. Clore
Thoughts on cognition-emotion interactions and their role in the diagnosis and treatment of psychopathology
Keren Maoz and Yair Bar-Haim
Beyond cognition and emotion: Dispensing with a cherished psychological narrative
Alexandra Touroutoglou & Lisa Feldman Barrett
Can we advance our understanding of emotional behavior by reconceptualizing it as involving valuation?
Roshan Cools, Hanneke den Ouden, Verena Ly & Quentin Huys
Beyond the threat bias: Reciprocal links between emotion and cognition
Nick Berggren & Nazanin Derakshan
The cognitive-emotional brain
Luiz Pessoa
Emotional vs. rational systems, and decisions between them
Edmund T. Rolls
Afterword
Alexander J. Shackman & Regina C. Lapate
Question 9. How are emotions embodied in the social world?
Connections between emotions and the social world: Numerous and complex
Nancy Eisenberg & Maciel M. Hernández
Effects of emotion on interpersonal behavior: A motivational perspective
Edward P. Lemay, Jr.
Emotion in the social world
Carolyn Parkinson
The affective nature of social interactions
Dominic S. Fareri & Mauricio R. Delgado
On the significance of implicit emotional communication
Andrew S. Fox
Deconstructing social emotions: Empathy and compassion and their relation to prosocial behavior
Haakon G. Engen & Tania Singer
Afterword
Andrew S. Fox & Alexander J. Shackman
Question 10. How and why are emotions communicated?
Form of facial expression communication originates in sensory function
Daniel H. Lee & Adam K. Anderson
Expression of emotion: New principles for future inquiry
Dacher Keltner, Daniel T. Cordaro, Jessica Tracy, & Disa Sauter
The (more or less accurate) communication of emotions serves social problem solving
Ursula Hess
Making sense of the senses in emotion communication
Wen Li, Lucas R. Novak, & Yuqi You
Movement and manipulation: the how and why of emotion communication
Lasana T. Harris
Concepts are key to the "communication" of emotion
Maria Gendron & Lisa Feldman Barrett
The web of emotion understanding in human infants
Betty M. Repacholi and Andrew N. Meltzoff
The dynamic-interactive model approach to the perception of facial emotion
Jonathan B. Freeman
Afterword
Regina C. Lapate & Andrew S. Fox
Question 11. How are emotions physically embodied?
How and why emotions are embodied
Adrienne Wood, Jared Martin & Paula Niedenthal
Emotion in body and brain: Context-dependent action and reaction
Margaret M. Bradley & Peter J. Lang
The importance of the mind for understanding how emotions are embodied
Naomi I. Eisenberger
How are emotions physically embodied?
Rosalind W. Picard
Pain as an embodied emotion
Tim V. Salomons
How are emotions organized and physically embodied?
Bruce S. McEwen
The complex tapestry of emotion: immune and microbial contributions
Melissa A. Rosenkranz
Afterword
Andrew S. Fox & Alexander J. Shackman
Question 12. What is the role of conscious awareness in emotion?
Emotions are more than their subjective feelings
Kent C. Berridge
Reactive emotional processing in the absence of conscious awareness
Joshua M. Carlson
What is the role of unconscious emotions and of conscious awareness in emotion?
Beatrice de Gelder and Marco Tamietto
Self-regulating our emotional states when we are conscious of them and when we are not
Leanne Williams
Regulatory benefits of conscious awareness: Insights from the emotion misattribution paradigm and a role for lateral prefrontal cortex
Regina C. Lapate
Afterword
Regina C. Lapate & Andrew S. Fox
Question 13. How are emotions integrated into choice?
How can affect influence choice?
Brian Knutson & Mirre Stallen
Emotions through the lens of economic theory
Agnieszka Tymula & Paul Glimcher
Emotions as computational signals of goal error
Luke J. Chang & Eshin Jolly
Affect is the foundation of value
Catherine Hartley & Peter Sokol-Hessner
Emotion, value, and choice
Jolie Wormwood & Lisa Feldman Barrett
Emotions can bias decision-making processes by promoting specific behavioral tendencies
Jan B. Engelmann & Todd A. Hare
Emotions are important for advantageous decision-making: A neuropsychological perspective
Justin Reber & Daniel Tranel
From emotion to motion: Making choices based on current states and biological needs
Elisabeth A. Murray
Afterword
Andrew S. Fox & Regina C. Lapate
Question 14. What develops in emotional development?
The recognition of emotion during the first years of life
Julia Cataldo & Charles A. Nelson
Everything develops during emotional development
Hill H. Goldsmith
Stability and change in emotion-relevant personality traits in childhood and adolescence
Rebecca L. Shiner
Normative trajectories and sources of psychopathology risk in adolescence
Leah H. Somerville & Katie A. McLaughlin
What happens in emotional development? Adolescent emotionality
Eveline A. Crone & Jennifer H. Pfeifer
Goals change with age and benefit emotional experience
Candice Hogan, Tamara Sims & Laura L. Carstensen
Ideal ends in emotional development
Carol D. Ryff
Afterword
Regina C. Lapate & Alexander J. Shackman
Epilogue-The nature of emotion: A research agenda for the 21st century
Andrew S. Fox, Regina C. Lapate, Richard J. Davidson & Alexander J. Shackman
References
Index

The Nature of Emotion

Fundamental Questions, Second Edition

Second Edition

Edited by Andrew S. Fox, Regina C. Lapate, Alexander J. Shackman, and Richard J. Davidson

Series in Affective Science

Author Information

Edited by Andrew S. Fox, Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology and a Neuroscience and Behavior Core Scientist in the California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Edited by Regina C. Lapate, Postdoctoral Fellow at the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Edited by Alexander J. Shackman, Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology, a member of the executive board for the Neuroscience and Cognitive Science (NACS) Program, core faculty member of the Maryland Neuroimaging Center, Director of the Affective and Trans Neurosci Lab, University of Maryland, and Edited by Richard J. Davidson, William James and Vilas Research Professor of Psychology and Psychiatry, Founder of the Center for Healthy Minds, and Director of the Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Dr. Fox is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology and a Neuroscience and Behavior Core Scientist in the California National Primate Research Center at the University of California, Davis. His work as a translational affective neuroscientist aims to bridge basic neuroscientific findings to our understanding of human emotion. Dr. Lapate is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley. She has published a number of articles in leading psychology and neuroscience journals on the neural bases of emotion regulation and on individual differences in affective style. Her work is currently supported by the National Institute of Mental Health. Dr. Shackman is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology, a member of the executive board for the Neuroscience and Cognitive Science (NACS) Program, a core faculty member of the Maryland Neuroimaging Center, and the Director of the Affective and Translational

Neuroscience Laboratory at the University of Maryland. He has published more than 50 articles and chapters focused on the neurobiology of emotion-related traits, states, and disorders and his work has been supported by the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Mental Health and Drug Abuse. He serves as an Associate or Consulting Editor at Emotion; Cognition and Emotion; Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience; and Personality Neuroscience. Dr. Davidson's research is broadly focused on the neural bases of emotion and emotional style and methods to promote human flourishing including meditation and related contemplative practices. He has published over 375 articles, numerous chapters and reviews and edited 14 books. He was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time Magazine in 2006. He is the author (with Sharon Begley) of The Emotional Life of Your Brain published in 2012.

Contributors:

Adam K. Anderson
Department of Human Development
Cornell University

Ralph Adolphs
California Institute of Technology

Lauren Y. Atlas
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health

Yair Bar-Haim
School of Psychological Sciences
Tel Aviv University

Lisa Feldman Barrett
Department of Psychology
Northeastern University;
Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging
Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA;
Department of Psychiatry
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard Medical School

Nick Berggren
Department of Psychological Sciences
Birkbeck University of London

Kent C. Berridge
Department of Psychology
University of Michigan
Jennifer Urbano Blackford
Departments of Psychological Sciences and Psychiatry
Vanderbilt University

D. Caroline Blanchard
Pacific Biosciences Research Center
University of Hawai'i at Manoa

Lindsay C. Bowman
Center for Mind and Brain and Department of Psychology
University of California, Davis

Margaret M. Bradley
Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, Gainesville, FL
University of Florida

Laura L. Carstensen
Department of Psychology
Stanford University

Julia Cataldo
Harvard College

Joshua M. Carlson
Department of Psychology
Northern Michigan University

Luke J. Chang
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
Dartmouth College

Joan Y. Chiao
International Cultural Neuroscience Consortium

Gerald L. Clore
Department of Psychology
University of Virginia

Roshan Cools
Department of Psychiatry
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre;
Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour
Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging
Radboud University

Daniel T. Cordaro
Yale University

Eveline A. Crone
Leiden University

Antonio Damasio
Brain and Creativity Institute
University of Southern California

Hanna Damasio
Brain and Creativity Institute
University of Southern California

Richard J. Davidson
Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry
Center for Healthy Minds
University of Wisconsin-Madison

Mauricio R. Delgado
Department of Psychology
Rutgers University

Nazanin Derakshan
Department of Psychological Sciences
Birkbeck University of London

Nancy Eisenberg
Arizona State University

Naomi I. Eisenberger
Department of Psychology
University of California, Los Angeles

Paul Ekman
Paul Ekman Group, LLC, San Francisco, CA USA
Phoebe C. Ellsworth
University of Michigan

Jan B. Engelmann
Amsterdam School of Economics
University of Amsterdam

Haakon G. Engen
Department of Social Neuroscience
Max-Planck-Institute of Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK

Dominic S. Fareri
Gordon F. Derner Advanced Institute for Psychological Studies
Adelphi University

Andrew S. Fox
Department of Psychology
California National Primate Research Center
University of California, Davis

Nathan A. Fox
Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology
University of Maryland

Barbara L. Fredrickson
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Jonathan B. Freeman
Department of Psychology
New York University

Karl J. Friston
The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging
University College London

Matthias Gamer
Department of Psychology
Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg

Beatrice de Gelder
Department of Cognitive Neuroscience
Maastricht University

Maria Gendron
Department of Psychology
Northeastern University

Paul Glimcher
Center for Neural Science
New York University

Hill H. Goldsmith
Department of Psychology
University of Wisconsin-Madison

Todd A. Hare
Department of Economics
University of Zurich

Lasana T. Harris
Department of Social and Organizational Psychology
Leiden University

Catherine Hartley
Department of Psychology
New York University

Maciel M. Hernández
Arizona State University

Aaron S. Heller
Department of Psychology
University of Miami

Ursula Hess
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

Emma Hitchcock
University of Colorado. Boulder

Candice Hogan

Department of Psychology
Stanford University

Quentin Huys
Translational Neuromodeling Unit
ETH Zürich and University of Zürich

Mateus Joffily
Groupe d'Analyse et de Theorie Economique
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France

Tom Johnstone
School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences and Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics
University of Reading

Eshin Jolly
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
Dartmouth College

Jerome Kagan
Department of Psychology
Harvard University

Dacher Keltner
University of California, Berkeley

Brian Knutson
Department of Psychology
Stanford University

Anjali Krishnan
Brooklyn College of the City University of New York

Peter J. Lang
Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, Gainesville, FL
University of Florida

Regina C. Lapate
Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute
University of California, Berkeley

Daniel H. Lee
Institute of Cognitive Science
University of Colorado, Boulder

Edward P. Lemay, Jr.
Department of Psychology
University of Maryland

Amy Lehrner
James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York;
Department of Psychiatry
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Robert W. Levenson
Department of Psychology and Institute of Personality and Social Research
University of California, Berkeley

Wen Li
Department of Psychology
Florida State University

Matthew D. Lieberman
University of California, Los Angeles

Verena Ly
Department of Psychiatry
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre;
Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour
Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging
Radboud University

Keren Maoz
School of Psychological Sciences
Tel Aviv University

Marie-France Marin
Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute
Department of Psychiatry
University of Montreal

Jared Martin
Department of Psychology
University of Wisconsin—Madison

Bruce S. McEwen
Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology
The Rockefeller University

Katie A. McLaughlin
Department of Psychology
University of Washington

Andrew N. Meltzoff
Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences
Department of Psychology
University of Washington

Mohammed R. Milad
Department of Psychiatry
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA;
Department of Psychiatry
Harvard Medical School

Elisabeth A. Murray
Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
Laboratory of Neuropsychology
National Institute of Mental Health

Kristin Naragon-Gainey
Department of Psychology
State University of New York at Buffalo

Charles A. Nelson
Harvard Medical School
Boston Children's Hospital
Harvard Graduate School of Education

Paula Niedenthal
Department of Psychology
University of Wisconsin—Madison

Lucas R. Novak
Department of Psychology
University of Wisconsin—Madison

Hadas Okon-Singer
Department of Psychology
University of Haifa

Hanneke den Ouden
Department of Psychiatry
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre;
Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour
Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging
Radboud University

Jaak Panksepp
Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience
College of Veterinary Medicine
Washington State University

Carolyn Parkinson
Department of Psychology
University of California, Los Angeles

Brandon L. Pearson
University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center
University of North Carolina School of Medicine

Luiz Pessoa
Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program
Maryland Neuroimaging Center
University of Maryland

Jennifer H. Pfeifer
University of Oregon

Rosalind W. Picard
MIT Media Laboratory
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Justin Reber
Departments of Neurology and Psychology
University of Iowa

Carien M. van Reekum
School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences
Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics
University of Reading

David A. Reinhard
University of Virginia

Betty M. Repacholi
Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences
Department of Psychology
University of Washington

Edmund T. Rolls
Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford UK
Department of Computer Science
University of Warwick, Coventry UK

Melissa A. Rosenkranz
Center for Healthy Minds
University of Wisconsin—Madison

Carol D. Ryff
Institute on Aging
Department of Psychology
University of Wisconsin—Madison

Tim V. Salomons
School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences
Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics
University of Reading

Disa Sauter
University of Amsterdam

Anil K. Seth
Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science
Department of Informatics
University of Sussex

Alexander J. Shackman
Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program
Maryland Neuroimaging Center
University of Maryland

Rebecca L. Shiner
Department of Psychology
Colgate University

Tamara Sims
Department of Psychology
Stanford University

Peter Sokol-Hessner
Department of Psychology
University of Denver

Leah H. Somerville
Department of Psychology
Harvard University

Mirre Stallen
Department of Psychology
Stanford University

Melissa D. Stockbridge
Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences
University of Maryland

Daniel M. Stout
Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health
VA San Diego Healthcare System;
Department of Psychiatry
University of California, San Diego

Marco Tamietto
Department of Psychology
University of Torino, Italy;
Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases - CoRPS
Tilburg University, The Netherlands;
Department of Experimental Psychology
University of Oxford, UK

Alexandra Touroutoglou
Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry
Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging
Massachusetts General Hospital

Jessica Tracy
University of British Columbia

Daniel Tranel
Departments of Neurology and Psychology
University of Iowa

Kay M. Tye
Picower Institute for Learning and Memory
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Agnieszka Tymula
School of Economics
University of Sydney

Tania Singer
Department of Social Neuroscience
Max-Planck-Institute of Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig
Tor D. Wager

University of Colorado Boulder
Leanne Williams

Stanford University School of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center
VA Palo Alto Health Care System

Adrienne Wood
Department of Psychology
University of Wisconsin—Madison

Jolie Wormwood
Department of Psychology
Northeastern University

Rachel Yehuda
James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York
Department of Psychiatry
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Yuqi You
Department of Psychology
Florida State University

David H. Zald
Departments of Psychological Sciences and Psychiatry
Vanderbilt University