Acknowledgements
Introduction: Looking Back and Looking Forward
Rosamond Rhodes
The Project Collaborators
The Scope of this Volume
Reading this Book

1. The Human Microbiome: Science, History and Research
Lily E. Frank, Martin J. Blaser, Kurt Hirschhorn, Daniel A. Moros, Matthew E. Rhodes, Sean Philpott
Introduction: Microbes and Microbiology
The Role of Microorganisms in the Environment
The Use of Microorganism in Industry and Food Production
The History of Microorganisms in Human Health and Disease
The Human Microbiome
Human Microbiome Project and the National Institute of Health
Research Tools and Methods
Acquisition of the Microbiome
Interactions between the Microbiome and the Host Genome
Manipulating the Microbiome for Medical Purposes
Conclusions

2. Personal Identity: Our Microbes, Ourselves
Nada Gligorov, Jody Azzouni, Douglas P. Lackey, Arnold Zweig
Introduction
Personal Identity over Time
The Human Microbiome and Numerical Identity
The Human Microbiome and Conceptions of Self
The Impact of Science on Commonsense
Conclusion
Policy Recommendations

3. Property and Research on the Human Microbiome
Mary Ann Baily, Abraham P. Schwab, Joseph Goldfarb, Kurt Hirschhorn, Rosamond Rhodes, Brett Trusko
Four Controversial Cases
Introduction
Ownership and Property in Philosophy
Ownership and Property in the Social Sciences
Ownership and Property in the Context of Biomedical Research
Current Property Structures and Research on the Human Microbiome
Patents
Copyrights
Property Rights and Biological Samples
Henrietta Lacks and HeLa Cells
John Moore's Leukemia Cells
Conclusion
Policy Recommendations

4. Privacy, Confidentiality, and New Ways of Knowing More
Nada Gligorov, Lily E. Frank, Abraham P. Schwab, Brett Trusko
Introduction
Philosophical Approaches to Privacy
Confidentiality
Legislations to Protect Medical and Research Information
Data Sharing
Conclusion
Policy Recommendations

5. Research Ethics
Rosamond Rhodes, Joseph W. Dauben, Lily E. Frank, Daniel A. Moros, Sean Philpott
Introduction
The Landscape of Microbiome Research
Historical Development of Research Ethics Regulation and Guidelines
Research Ethics and Human Microbiome Research
Critical Reflections on the U.S. Framework for Human Subject Research
Implications for the Conduct of Human Subject Microbiome Research
Research on Probiotics
Conclusions
Policy Recommendations

6. Biobanks and the Human Microbiome
Abraham P. Schwab, Barbara Brenner, Joseph Goldfarb, Rochelle Hirschhorn, Sean Philpott
Introduction
What is a Biobank?
Human Microbiome Biobanks
Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) of Human Microbiome Biobanks
Federal Regulations Applied to Biobanks
Risks and Human Microbiome Biobanks
Benefits and Human Microbiome Biobanks
Obtaining Consent from Human Microbiome Biobank Donors
International Biobanks
Community Consultation: A Reasonable Approach to Participatory Research
Discrimination and Other Issues
Conclusion
Policy Recommendations

7. Public Health and Research on Populations
Rosamond Rhodes, Stefan Bernard Baumrin, Martin J. Blaser, William J. Earle, Debbie Indyk, Ethylin Wang Jabs, Daniel A. Moros, Lynne D. Richardson, Henry S. Sacks
Microbes and Public Health
Public Health, Liberty, and Privacy
Public Health Functions
Public Health Agency Powers
Public Health Methods
Research Regulations and Public Health Data Gathering
Quality Improvement, Quality Assurance and Surveillance
De Minimis Risk: A Proposal for a New Category of Research Risk
Additional Factors in the Ethical Conduct of Population Studies
Prevention and Education
Cautions for Public Health Policy Makers
Coda: Further Philosophical Reflections on Public Health by William J. Earle
Policy Recommendations

Glossary
Index