Introduction


Part One: Post-Classical Philosophy In Its Islamic Context

First Chapter: Khorasan, the Birthplace of Post-Classical Philosophy: A Country in Decline?

The madrasa System

The Cities of Khorasan and Its Surrounding Provinces

The First Half of the Sixth/Twelfth Century: Seljuq Rule

The Second Half of the Sixth/Twelfth Century: Khwrazmshahs and Ghurids

Other Patrons: Qarakhanids, the Caliphal Court in Baghdad, and the Ayyubids in Syria


Second Chapter: The Death of as a Self-Description of Philosophy

Falsafa as a Quasi-Religious Movement Established by Uncritical Emulation (taqlid)

Falsafa As Part of the History of the World's Religions

Three Different Concepts of Philosophy in Islam

Hikma as the New Technical Term For


Third Chapter: Philosophy and the Power of the Religious Law

The Legal Background of al-Ghazali fatwa on the Last Page of His Tahfut al-falsifa

Persecution of Philosophers in the Sixth/Twelfth century

'Ayn al-Qudat's Execution 525/1131 in Hamadan

Shihbab al-Din Yahya al-Suhrawardi's Execution 587/1191 in Aleppo

Was al-Ghazali's fatwa? Ever Applied?



Part Two: Philosophers and Philosophies – A Biographical History of Philosophy in the Sixth/Twelfth Century Islamic East

The Principal Sources for Sixth/Twelfth Century History of Philosophy in the Islamic East

The Early Sixth/Twelfth Century: Avicennism Undisturbed

Avicennism Contested: The Early Decades of the Sixth/Twelfth Century

The Outsider as Innovator: Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi (d. c. 560/1165)

Two Ghazalians of Transoxania: al-Mas' udi and Ibn Ghaylan al-Balkhi (d. c. 585/1190)

Majd al-Din al-Jili - Teacher of Two Influential Philosophers Trained In Maragha

Al-Suhrawardi (d. c. 587/1192), the Founder of the "School of Illumination"

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606/1210) - Post-Classical Philosophy Fully Developed



Part Three: The Formation of ?ikma As a New Philosophical Genre

First Chapter: Books and Their Teachings

Al-Razi's "Philosophical Books" (kutub hikmiyya)

What Books of hikma Do: Reporting Avicenna


First Perspective: Teachings on Epistemology

What Books in hikma Also Do: Doubting and Critizising Avicenna

Knowledge as Relation: The Starting Point in al-Ghazali

Knowledge as Relation: Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi's Key Contribution

Knowledge as Relation: Developments in the Second Half
of the Sixth/Twelfth Century


Second Perspective: Teachings on Ontology and Theology

A New Place for the Study of Metaphysics Within Philosophy

Opposing Avicenna: God's Essence is Distinct From His Existence

What Books of ?ikma Mostly Do: Endorsing and Correcting
Avicennan Philosophy


Second Chapter: Books and Their Genre

The Eclectic Career of al-Ghazali's Doctrines of the Philosophers
(Maqasid al-falasifa)

Al-Ghazali as Clandestine faylasuf- Evaluating His Madnun Corpus

The Madnun-Corpus and Forgery-Two Pseudo-Epigraphies Attached to al-Ghazali

Between Neutral Report and Committed Investment: al-Mas 'udi's Commentary
on Avicenna's Glistering Homily (al-Khutba al-gharra)

Post-classical Philosophy and Tolerance For Ambiguity


Third Chapter: Books and Their Method

Dialectical Reasoning Replaces Demonstration: "Careful Consideration" (i'tibar)
in Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi

The Middle Way Between Avicennism and Ghazalism: How
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Describes His Philosophy

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi's Method of "Probing and Dividing" (sabr wa-taqsim)

A Case Study of the New Method: Al-Razi on God's Knowledge of Particulars

The Method in Books of hikma: Implementing the Principle of Sufficient Reason

The Method in Books of kalam: Limiting the Principle of Sufficient Reason


Conclusions


Bibliography


Appendices