Tenacious of Their Liberties

The Congregationalists in Colonial Massachusetts

James F. Cooper, Jr.

Religion in America

This study approaches the Puritan experience from the perspective of the pew rather than the pulpit. For the past decade, Cooper has immersed himself in local Massachusetts manuscript church records. From these previously untapped documents, he brings forth forgotten events and personages in a book that both challenges exisiting models of church hierarchy and offers a new understanding of the origins of New England democracy.

Tenacious of Their Liberties

The Congregationalists in Colonial Massachusetts

James F. Cooper, Jr.

Religion in America

Description

Although the importance of Congregationalism in early Massachusetts has engaged historians' attention for generations, this study is the first to approach the Puritan experience in Congregational church government from the perspective of both the pew and the pulpit.

For the past decade, author James F. Cooper, Jr. has immersed himself in local manuscript church records. These previously untapped documents provide a fascinating glimpse of lay-clerical relations in colonial Massachusetts, and reveal that ordinary churchgoers shaped the development of Congregational practices as much as the clerical and elite personages who for so long have populated histories of this period. Cooper's new findings will both challenge existing models of church hierarchy and offer a new dimension to our understanding of the origins of New England democracy.

Refuting the idea of clerical predominance in the governance of colonial Massachusetts churches, Cooper shows that the laity were both informed and empowered to rule with ministers, rather than beneath them. From the outset of the Congregational experiment, ministers articulated--and lay people embraced--principles of limited authority, higher law, and free consent in the conduct of church affairs. These principles were codified early on in the Cambridge Platform, which the laity used as their standard in resisting infringements upon their rights. By neglecting the democratic components of Congregationalism, Cooper argues, scholars have missed the larger political significance of the movement. Congregational thought and practice in fact served as one indigenous seedbed of several concepts that would later flourish during the Revolutionary generation, including the notions that government derives its legitimacy from the voluntary consent of the governed, that governors should be chosen by the governed, that rulers should be accountable to the ruled, and that constitutional checks should limit both the governors and the people.

By examining the development of church government through the perspective of lay-clerical interchange, Cooper comes to a fresh understanding of the sometimes noble, sometimes sordid, and sometimes rowdy nature of church politics. His study casts new light upon Anne Hutchinson and the "Antinomian Controversy," the Cambridge Platform, the Halfway Covenant, the Reforming Synod of 1679, and the long-standing debate over Puritan "declension." Cooper argues that, in general, church government did not divide Massachusetts culture along lay-clerical lines, but instead served as a powerful component of a popular religion and an ideology whose fundamentals were shared by churchgoers and most ministers throughout much of the colonial era. His is a book that will interest students of American culture, religion, government, and history.

Tenacious of Their Liberties

The Congregationalists in Colonial Massachusetts

James F. Cooper, Jr.

Religion in America

Introduction
1. The Implementation of the Congregational Way
2. "A Mixed Form": Clerical Authority and Lay Liberty
3. Lay "Rebellion" and Clerical Reaction: Antinomianism and Its Aftermath
4. The Presbyterian Challenge
5. Congregationalism in Crisis: The Halfway Covenant
6. An Uneasy Balance
7. Declension and Reform
8. Clerical Conflict and the Decline of Sola Scriptura
9. Perpetuation and Disintegration
10. The Great Awakening and the Privatization of Piety

Tenacious of Their Liberties

The Congregationalists in Colonial Massachusetts

James F. Cooper, Jr.

Religion in America

Author Information

James F. Cooper, Jr. is Associate Professor of History at Oklahoma State University.

Tenacious of Their Liberties

The Congregationalists in Colonial Massachusetts

James F. Cooper, Jr.

Religion in America

Reviews and Awards

"This book is a significant contribution to our thinking about Puritanism and its connection to the Revolution."--The Journal of American History

"...[a] carefully researched and skillfully argued book....presents a fresh reading of Colonial religion and rewards the careful attention it deserves. Recommended for upper-division undergraduates, graduate students, researchers and faculty."--Choice

"An important reconsideration of lay religious life and colonial church order."--Religious Studies Review

"A major revisionist study that makes extensive use of records from more than 100 early Massachusetts churches... covering the entire colonial period, he traces the shifting dynamics in church politics right up to the beginnings of the Revolutionary movement," William and Mary Quarterly