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Social Injustice and Public Health

Third Edition

Edited by Barry S. Levy

The defining text on the sources and health consequences of social injustice and how to reduce these consequences
78 contributors spanning all phases of public health, medicine, and social science
Addresses the impact of social injustice on specific population groups (such as people of color, women, and people with disabilities), its impact on domains of public health (such as medical care, nutrition, and environmental health), and types of interventions (such as human rights approaches, national and international law, and equitable and sustainable human development)
Enriched with tables, photographs, figures, case studies, and text boxes
An ideal core text for courses in health equity and social determinants of health for students and mid-career professionals in public health, social work, medicine, nursing, and related fields

Social Injustice and Public Health

Third Edition

Edited by Barry S. Levy

Part I: Introduction
1: The Nature of Social Injustice and Its Impact on Public Health
Barry S. Levy
Box 1-1: Concepts of Social Justice
Box 1-2: Science and Social Justice
Omar Khan and Kawika Liu
Part II: How Social Injustice Affects the Health of Specific Population Groups
2: Socioeconomically Disadvantaged People
Michael Marmot and Ruth Bell
3: People of Color
Carol Easley Allen and Cheryl E. Easley
Box 3-1: Racial and Ethnic Definitions in the U.S. Census
Box 3-2: Major Disparities in Infant Mortality and Maternal Mortality Rates of African Americans Compared with Others in the United States
Linda Villarosa
Box 3-3: The Importance of Teaching Health Professionals About Cultural Competence
4: Women
Gina Maranto
5: Children
Sara Rosenbaum, Kay A. Johnson, and Rachel Gunsalus
Box 5-1: Child Poverty Rates in the United States and Other Countries
Barry S. Levy
Box 5-2: Children in Low- and Middle-income Countries: Millions Are Dying from Preventable Diseases
Kathryn Bolles and M. James Eliades
6: Older People
Carroll L. Estes and Steven P. Wallace
7: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender/Transsexual People
Emilia Lombardi and Talia Bettcher
8: People with Disabilities
Nora Ellen Groce
Box 8-1: Terminology
Box 8-2: Disability and Education
Box 8-3: Similarities and Differences Among People with Disabilities
9: Incarcerated People.
Ernest M. Drucker
Box 9-1: Political Prisoners
William Schulz
10: People Who Are Homeless
Elizabeth M. Moore, Theresa H. Cheng, Roya Ijadi-Maghsoodi, and Lillian Gelberg
11: Forced Migrants: Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
Michael Toole
Part III: How Social Injustice Affects Areas of Public Health
12: Medical Care
Oliver Fein and H. Jack Geiger
Box 12-1: What is Single-payer Health Care?
Steffie Woolhandler and David Himmelstein
Box 12-2: Improving Medical Care by Teaching Medical Students About Racism
Anthony L. Schlaff
13: Infectious Diseases
Joia S. Mukherjee and Paul E. Farmer
Box 13-1: Case Study of a Man with Tuberculosis
14: Nutrition
J. Larry Brown
Box 14-1: Definition of Key Terms
Box 14-2: Obesity
15: Noncommunicable Diseases
Ramla Benmaamar, Madeleine Smith, and Derek Yach
Box 15-1: Noncommunicable Disease Inequities in the United States
Barry S. Levy
16: Mental Health
Carles Muntaner, Edwin Ng, Haejoo Chung, Philipp Hessel, and William W. Eaton
Box 16-1: The Opioid Crisis and Social Justice
Jay C. Butler
17: Violence
James A. Mercy and Sarah DeGue
Box 17-1: War and Public Health
Barry S. Levy
Box 17-2: The International Arms Trade
Barry S. Levy
Box 17-3: Nuclear Weapons and Social Injustice
Robert M. Gould and Patrice M. Sutton
18: Environmental Health
Barry S. Levy
Box 18-1: Childhood Lead Poisoning
Howard Hu
Box 18-2: Impact of Natural Disasters on Social Justice
Linda Young Landesman
Box 18-3: Planetary Health
Samuel S. Myers
19: Occupational Health and Safety.
Linda Rae Murray
Box 19-1: Economic Globalization
Ellen R. Shaffer and Joseph E. Brenner
20: Oral Health
Myron Allukian, Jr., and Alice M. Horowitz
Box 20-1: Oral Health Inequalities in Low-income Countries
21: International and Global Health
Barry S. Levy
Box 21-1: Trafficking in Persons
Box 21-2: Hunger and Malnutrition in Low- and Middle-income Countries
Box 21-3: Export of Hazardous Substances from High-income Countries to Low- and Middle-income Countries
Part IV: An Agenda for Action
22: Addressing Social Injustice in a Human Rights Context
Sofia Gruskin and Paula Braveman
Box 22-1: Promoting the Rights of "Undocumented Immigrants"
Carmen R. Nevarez
23: Promoting Social Justice Through Public Health Policies, Programs, and Services
Alonzo Plough and Priya Gandhi
24: Strengthening Communities and the Roles of Individuals in Building Community Life
Robert E. Aronson, Kay Lovelace, John W. Hatch, and Tony L. Whitehead
Box 24-1: Strengthening Communities in Low-Income Countries
Gail Snetro-Plewman and Angela Brasington
Box 24-2: How a Community-Based Foundation Addresses Health Consequences of Social Injustice
Martin D. Cohen
25: Promoting Social Justice Through Education in Public Health
Robert S. Lawrence
Box 25-1: International Declaration of Health Rights
Box 25-2: Teaching Health Equity in a Community-based Program
Shelley K. White
26: A Critical Research Agenda for Social Justice and Public Health: An Ecosocial Proposal
Nancy Krieger
27: Protecting Human Rights through International and National Law
Henry A. Freedman and Martha F. Davis
Box 27-1: Preventing Torture
Leonard S. Rubenstein and Vincent Iacopino
28: Learning from the Social Movements of the 1960s
Oliver Fein and Charlotte Phillips
29: Promoting Health with Equitable and Sustainable Human Development
Richard Jolly
Box 29-1: The Role of International Non-governmental Organizations in Promoting Equitable and Sustainable Human Development
Raymond C. Offenheiser and M. Porter McConnell
Box 29-2: The Roles of Foundations in Promoting Equitable and Sustainable Human Development
Mark Sidel
Index

Social Injustice and Public Health

Third Edition

Edited by Barry S. Levy

Author Information

Edited by Barry S. Levy, Adjunct Professor of Public Health, Tufts University School of Medicine

Barry S. Levy, M.D., M.P.H., Adjunct Professor of Public Health at Tufts University School of Medicine and a past president of the American Public Health Association, has had extensive experience in public health practice, education, research, and consulting in the United States and many other countries. He has written more than 200 articles and book chapters on a wide range of public health subjects and has co-edited 19 other books.

Contributors:

Carol Easley Allen, PhD, RN
Twin Solutions LLC
Huntsville, AL

Myron Allukian, Jr., DDS, MPH
Vice Chair, Oral Health Working Group
World Federation of Public Health Associations
President
Massachusetts Coalition For Oral Health
Boston, MA

Robert E. Aronson, DrPH, MPH
Professor and Director
Public Health Program
Taylor University
Upland, IN

Ruth Bell, PhD
Senior Research Fellow
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
Institute of Health Equity
University College London
London, United Kingdom

Ramla Benmaamar, PhD
Director of Global Scientific Communications
Foundation for a Smoke-Free World
New York, NY

Talia Mae Bettcher, PhD
Professor and Chair
Department of Philosophy
California State University, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA

Kathryn Bolles, MPH
Health and Nutrition Global Director
Save the Children
Washington, DC

Angela M. Brasington, MSPH
Senior Social and Behavior Change Advisor
Office of Population and Reproductive Health
Global Health Bureau
United States Agency for International Development
Washington, DC

Paula Braveman, MD, MPH
Professor of Family and Community Medicine
Director
Center on Social Disparities in Health
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, CA

Joseph E. Brenner, MA
Co-Director
Center for Policy Analysis on Trade and Health (CPATH)
San Francisco, CA

J. Larry Brown, PhD
President
Chances for Children International
Faculty Member Emeritus
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Boston, MA

Jay C. Butler, MD
Chief Medical Officer
Director, Division of Public Health
Alaska Department of Health and Social Services
Anchorage, AK

Theresa Cheng, MD, JD
Department of Emergency Medicine
UCLA Medical Center
Los Angeles, CA

Haejoo Chung, MSc, PhD
Professor of Health & Social Policy
Director, BK21PLUS Program in Health-Society Interaction
School of Health Policy and Management
Korea University
Seoul, Korea

Martin D. Cohen, MSW
President and Chief Executive Officer
MetroWest Health Foundation
Framingham, MA

Martha F. Davis, JD
Professor of Law
Associate Dean for Experiential Education
Faculty Director
Program on Human Rights and the Global Economy
Northeastern University School of Law
Boston, MA

Sarah DeGue, PhD
Senior Health Scientist
Division of Violence Prevention
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Atlanta, GA

Ernest Drucker, PhD
Research Scientist and Professor of Public Health
NYU College of Global Public Health
Professor Emeritus
Department of Family and Social Medicine
Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine
New York, NY

Cheryl E. Easley, PhD, RN
Twin Solutions LLC
Harvest, AL

William W. Eaton, PhD
Professor
Department of Mental Health
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Baltimore, MD

M. James Eliades, MD, MPH
Malaria Elimination Director, Asia
Population Services International
Yangon, Myanmar
Assistant Professor of Population and Family Health
Columbia University Medical Center
New York, NY

Carroll L. Estes, PhD
Professor Emerita
Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences
Founder and Former Director
Institute for Health and Aging
School of Nursing
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, CA

Paul E. Farmer, MD, PhD
Kolokotrones University Professor
Harvard University
Co-Founder
Partners in Health
Boston, MA

Oliver Fein, MD
Professor of Clinical Medicine
Professor of Clinical Healthcare Policy and Research
Associate Dean (Affiliations)
Departments of Medicine and Health Care Policy and Research
Weill Cornell Medicine
New York, NY

Henry A. Freedman, LLB, Hon Dr Law
New York, NY

Priya Gandhi, MS
Research Associate
Research-Evaluation-Learning
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Princeton, NJ

H. Jack Geiger, MD, MSciHyg
Arthur C. Logan Professor of Community Medicine Emeritus
CUNY Medical School
City College of New York
New York, NY

Lillian Gelberg, MD, MSPH
Faculty Associate
UCLA Center for Health Policy Research
Professor of Family Medicine
UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine
Los Angeles, CA

Robert M. Gould, MD
Associate Adjunct Professor
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
UCSF School of Medicine
Past President
Physicians for Social Responsibility
San Francisco, CA

Nora Ellen Groce, PhD
Professor and Leonard Cheshire Chair
Director
Leonard Cheshire Research Centre
Division of Epidemiology
University College London
London, United Kingdom

Sofia Gruskin, JD, MIA
Professor of Preventive Medicine
Keck School of Medicine
Professor of Law and Preventive Medicine
Gould School of Law
Director
Program on Global Health and Human Rights
Institute for Global Health
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA

Rachel Gunsalus, MPH
Assistant Program Director
Geiger Gibson Program in Community Health Policy
Milken Institute School of Public Health
George Washington University
Washington, DC

John W. Hatch, PhD
Emeritus Professor
Department of Health Behavior
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC

Philipp Hessel, PhD
Associate Professor
Director of Undergraduate Studies
University of the Andes
Alberto Lleras Camargo School of Government
Bogotá, Colombia

David U. Himmelstein, MD
Distinguished Professor of Public Health
City University of New York at Hunter College
New York, NY
Lecturer in Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA

Alice M. Horowitz, PhD
Research Associate Professor
Behavioral and Community Health
School of Public Health
University of Maryland
College Park, MD

Howard Hu, MD, MPH, ScD
Affiliate Professor
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
School of Public Health
University of Washington
Seattle, WA

Vincent Iacopino, MD, PhD
Senior Medical Advisor
Physicians for Human Rights
New York, NY
Adjunct Professor of Medicine
University of Minnesota Medical School
Minneapolis, MN

Roya Ijadi-Maghsoodi, MD, MSHPM
Assistant Professor
Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences
University of California, Los Angeles
Nathanson Family Resilience Center
UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior
Los Angeles, CA

Kay A. Johnson, MPH, EdM
President
Johnson Consulting Group, Inc.
Hinesburg, VT

Richard Jolly, PhD
Professor and Research Associate
Institute of Development Studies
University of Sussex
Brighton, United Kingdom

Omar Khan, MD, MHS, FAAFP
President and Chief Executive Officer
Delaware Health Sciences Alliance
Associate Professor of Family and Community Medicine
Thomas Jefferson University
Wilmington, DE

Nancy Krieger, PhD
Professor of Social Epidemiology
American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor
Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Boston, MA

Linda Young Landesman, DrPH, MSW
Landesman Consulting
Rye Brook, NY
Adjunct Assistant Professor
Department of Public Health
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Amherst, MA

Robert S. Lawrence, MD
Center for a Livable Future Professor Emeritus
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Baltimore, MD

Barry S. Levy, MD, MPH
Adjunct Professor of Public Health
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
Tufts University School of Medicine
Sherborn, MA

David MKI Liu, MD, JD, PhD
Chief Medical Officer
Hope to Health
Indio, CA

Emilia Lombardi, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Public Health and Prevention Services
Baldwin Wallace University
Berea, OH

Kay Lovelace, PhD, MPH
Associate Professor
Department of Public Health Education
The School of Health and Human Sciences
The University of North Carolina at Greensboro
Greensboro, NC

Gina Maranto, MA
Director
Ecosystem Science and Policy
Graduate Program Coordinator
Environmental Science and Policy
The Leonard and Jayne Abess Center
University of Miami
Coral Gables, FL

Michael Marmot MD, PhD
Professor
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
Institute of Health Equity
University College London
London, United Kingdom

Porter McConnell
Director
Take On Wall Street Campaign
Americans for Financial Reform
Washington, DC

James A. Mercy, PhD
Director
Division of Violence Prevention
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Atlanta, GA

Elizabeth M. Moore, MD
Resident Physician
UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior
Los Angeles, CA

Joia S. Mukherjee, MD, MPH
Associate Professor
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Chief Medical Officer
Partners in Health
Boston, MA

Carles Muntaner, MD, PhD
Professor
Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing
Department of Psychiatry
Dalla Lana School of Public Health
University of Toronto
Center for Urban Health Solutions
St. Michaels Hospital
Toronto, ON, Canada

Samuel S. Myers, MD, MPH
Principal Research Scientist
Department of Environmental Health
Director
Planetary Health Alliance
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Boston, MA

Linda Rae Murray, MD, MPH
Board Member
Health & Medicine Policy Research Group
Adjunct Assistant Professor
University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health
Chicago, IL

Carmen Rita Nevarez, MD, MPH
Director
Center for Health Leadership and Practice
Public Health Institute
Oakland, CA

Edwin Ng, PhD, MSW
Assistant Professor
School of Social Work
Renison University College
Waterloo, ON, Canada

Raymond C. Offenheiser
Director
Notre Dame Initiative for Global Development
Keough School Distinguished Professor of the Practice
Keough School of Global Affairs
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, IN

Charlotte S. Phillips, MD
Chairperson
Brooklyn For Peace
Brooklyn, NY

Alonzo L. Plough, PhD, MPH
Chief Science Officer and Vice President for Research-Evaluation-Learning
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Princeton, NJ

Sara Rosenbaum, JD
Harold and Jane Hirsh Professor of Health Law and Policy
Department of Health Policy
Milken Institute School of Public Health
George Washington University
Washington, DC

Leonard S. Rubenstein, JD, LLM
Senior Scientist
Center for Public Health and Human Rights
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Baltimore, MD

Anthony L. Schlaff, MD, MPH
Professor of Public Health and Community Medicine
Director
Public Health Program
Tufts University School of Medicine
Boston, MA

William F. Schulz, DMin
Senior Fellow
Carr Center for Human Rights Policy
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University

Ellen R. Shaffer, PhD, MPH
Adjunct Professor
University of California, San Francisco Medical Center
Co-Director
Center for Policy Analysis on Trade and Health (CPATH)
San Francisco, CA

Mark Sidel, JD
Doyle-Bascom Professor of Law and Public Affairs
University of Wisconsin Law School
Madison, WI

Madeleine Smith, MHS
Senior Strategic Research Analyst
Foundation for a Smoke-Free World
New York, NY

Gail Snetro, MPH
Senior Advisor, Community and Social Change
Save the Children USA
Capetown, South Africa

Patrice Sutton, MPH
Research Scientist
Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, CA

Michael J. Toole, MBBS, BMedSc, DTM&H
Principal Research Fellow
Senior Adviser on Nutrition
Burnet Institute
Professor
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Monash University
Melbourne, Australia

Linda Villarosa, Masters in Journalism
Assistant Professor of Media Communication Arts
The City College of New York
Contributing Writer
New York Times Magazine
New York, NY

Steven P. Wallace, PhD
Professor
Department of Community Health Sciences
Associate Director
UCLA Center for Health Policy Research
UCLA Fielding School of Public Health
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA

Shelley K. White, PhD, MPH, OTR
Program Director
Master of Public Health
Assistant Professor of Public Health and Sociology
Simmons College
Boston, MA

Tony L. Whitehead, PhD, MSHyg
Professor Emeritus, Anthropology
University of Maryland
College Park, MD

Steffie Woolhandler, MD, MPH, MA
Distinguished Professor of Public Health
City University of New York at Hunter College
New York, NY
Lecturer in Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA

Derek Yach, MBChB, MPH
President
Foundation for a Smoke-Free World
New York, NY