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Religion of a Different Color

Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness

W. Paul Reeve

The most thorough telling to date of Mormonism's tortured relationship with blackness, which has been the topic of recent controversy within the LDS Church.
Chronicles the way in which Mormons were described as physically different and the argument that polygamy was giving rise to a new race, degraded and deformed.
Explores accusations of Mormons dressed as Indians at the Mountain Meadows Massacre and substantiates that those claims predated the massacre by at least seven years.

Religion of a Different Color

Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness

W. Paul Reeve

Description

Mormonism is one of the few homegrown religions in the United States, one that emerged out of the religious fervor of the early nineteenth century. Yet, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have struggled for status and recognition. In this book, W. Paul Reeve explores the ways in which nineteenth century Protestant white America made outsiders out of an inside religious group. Much of what has been written on Mormon otherness centers upon economic, cultural, doctrinal, marital, and political differences that set Mormons apart from mainstream America. Reeve instead looks at how Protestants racialized Mormons, using physical differences in order to define Mormons as non-White to help justify their expulsion from Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois. He analyzes and contextualizes the rhetoric on Mormons as a race with period discussions of the Native American, African American, Oriental, Turk/Islam, and European immigrant races. He also examines how Mormon male, female, and child bodies were characterized in these racialized debates. For instance, while Mormons argued that polygamy was ordained by God, and so created angelic, celestial, and elevated offspring, their opponents suggested that the children were degenerate and deformed.

The Protestant white majority was convinced that Mormonism represented a racial-not merely religious-departure from the mainstream and spent considerable effort attempting to deny Mormon whiteness. Being white brought access to political, social, and economic power, all aspects of citizenship in which outsiders sought to limit or prevent Mormon participation. At least a part of those efforts came through persistent attacks on the collective Mormon body, ways in which outsiders suggested that Mormons were physically different, racially more similar to marginalized groups than they were white. Medical doctors went so far as to suggest that Mormon polygamy was spawning a new race. Mormons responded with aspirations toward whiteness. It was a back and forth struggle between what outsiders imagined and what Mormons believed. Mormons ultimately emerged triumphant, but not unscathed. Mormon leaders moved away from universalistic ideals toward segregated priesthood and temples, policies firmly in place by the early twentieth century. So successful were Mormons at claiming whiteness for themselves that by the time Mormon Mitt Romney sought the White House in 2012, he was labeled "the whitest white man to run for office in recent memory." Ending with reflections on ongoing views of the Mormon body, this groundbreaking book brings together literatures on religion, whiteness studies, and nineteenth century racial history with the history of politics and migration.

Religion of a Different Color

Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness

W. Paul Reeve

Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Introduction All "Mormon Elder-Berry's" Children
Chapter 1 "The New Race"
Chapter 2 Red, White, and Mormon: "Ingratiating themselves with the Indians"
Chapter 3 Red, White, and Mormon: White Indians
Chapter 4 Black, White, and Mormon: Amalgamation
Chapter 5 Black, White, and Mormon: Black and White Slavery
Chapter 6 Black, White, and Mormon: Miscegenation
Chapter 7 Black, White, and Mormon: One Drop
Chapter 8 Oriental, White, and Mormon
Conclusion From Not White to Too White: The Continuing Contest over the Mormon Body
Notes
Index

Religion of a Different Color

Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness

W. Paul Reeve

Author Information

W. Paul Reeve, Associate Professor of History and Associate Chair, University of Utah

W. Paul Reeve is Associate Professor of History at the University of Utah. He is the author of Making Space on the Western Frontier: Mormons, Miners, and Southern Paiutes and the co-editor of Mormonism: A Historical Encyclopedia and Between Pulpit and Pew: The Supernatural World in Mormon History and Folklore.

Religion of a Different Color

Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness

W. Paul Reeve

Reviews and Awards

Winner of the Smith-Pettit Best Book Award of John Whitmer Historical Association
Winner of the Francis Armstrong Madsen Best History Book Award of the Utah Division of State History
Winner of the Best Book Award from the Mormon History Association

"Cleverly framed....Reeve's book is a landmark in Mormon studies. For non-Mormon and Mormon audiences alike, it offers answers to the long-vexing questions of the when, where, who, and why of the origins of what is colloquially called the 'priesthood ban.' And Reeve's book adds Mormons to the well-established historiography on how ethnic and cultural minorities in America became white. Reeve's book is now the definitive history on Mormonism and race." - Max Perry Mueller, The Journal of Religion

"a timely and provocative account [...] This study is a welcome contribution to a number of fields[...] Students of American religious history will also find much to learn from this study as it joins the growing body of literature that serves to blur distinctions between religious and racial othering and reveals the complex interplay between religion and race in American history." - Kelsey Moss, Princeton University, Journal of Ecclesiastical History

"Reeve goes beyond the more traditional narrative of Mormons' views of racial minorities (especially blacks and Native Americans) to consider how those racial beliefs were constructed as a dialectic alongside the racialization of Mormons by non-LDS outsiders, particularly in the nineteenth century. In its sophisticated conversation with whiteness theory and the history of American race relations, Reeve's book is innovative and theoretically ambitious" - BYU Studies Quarterly

"Religion of a Different Color should stand as an exceptional and transformative study of race and American religion. It is a rich and unique contribution to scholarship on Mormon religion that is equally a well-crafted study of race. It should certainly serve to inspire intellectually generative debate and further research on the constitution of racial whiteness for many years to come." - Mormon Studies Review

"Religion of a Different Color is a true historical tour de force. It instantly joins the elite ranks of the Mormon studies canon, becoming required reading for anyone interested in the Mormon past (or present). The book's utility goes far beyond Mormon studies, however, as it should also be consulted by scholars of whiteness and American race relations as an expert analysis of how religion impacted and was impacted by the national discourse about race." - BYU Studies Review

"Reeve's book...will probably go down as one of the most important books in Mormon historiography." - Juvenile Instructor

"In this revealing study, Paul Reeve puts the subject of Mormon racialization in a new light. Mormons racialized others, to be sure, but were in turn racialized themselves. In the nineteenth century critics denigrated Mormons by seeing them as racially a between-people, near-Black, friendly to Indians, and likely allies of the yellow hordes. The church's compensating rush to whiteness, unfortunately, went too far. Now Mormons are seen as too white, obscuring their innate inclination to universalism. No one has told this excruciating story so well as Reeve."-Richard Bushman, author of Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling "

"Compelling as a set of incredible, revealing stories as well as nuanced analysis, this study places Mormonism within varied worlds of race in a way unequalled by any denominational history of religion and white racism. Reeve's work represents a breakthrough in Mormon history, religious history, and history of the West, as well as in the study of race relations."-David Roediger, author of Seizing Freedom: Slave Emancipation and Liberty for All "

"Religion of a Different Color plows truly new and important ground in explaining the fuller story of Mormonism's place in the long American struggle with racial bigotry, as well as the uses of racialist thinking in U.S. history more generally. Previous studies have tried to explain the traditional racial teachings of Mormonism mainly by reference to doctrines and developments inside the Church. This new study instead analyzes the heavily racialized context of the entire nation, in which Mormons became both victims and perpetrators of racist policies and practices."-Armand L. Mauss, author of All Abraham's Children: Changing Mormons Conceptions of Race and Lineage "

"With prodigious research and a keen eye for detail, context, and irony, Paul Reeve masterfully guides us through the fickleness and combustibility of nineteenth-century American racial discourse, with Mormons as his unlikely subjects. In the process of fighting off swarms of accusations that they were not white enough, Mormons reified whiteness as the sine qua non of American respectability. Religion of a Different Color provides a powerful new lens that helps us better understand how and why race remains such a troubled legacy for both America and 'the American religion." -Patrick Q. Mason, Claremont Graduate University "

"A widely researched, soundly documented, challenging addition to whiteness studies and to scholarly literature on race generally."-Choice"

"Thoroughly researched, clearly written, and surprising, Reeve's work is the new starting piece for discussions of Mormons and race." - Western Historical Quarterly

"This will be the definitive work on race and Mormonism from the religions origins to the early twentieth century" - Paul Harvey, Journal of the American Academy of Religion

Religion of a Different Color

Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness

W. Paul Reeve

From Our Blog

"Are there black Mormons?"

In the months leading up to the 2012 presidential election between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney, a few media outlets reinforced the public perception that Mormons (members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) were mostly white. Jimmy Kimmel asked on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, 'Are there black Mormons? I find that hard to believe.'

Posted on July 14, 2015

Read the blog post