Quantum Machines: Measurement Control of Engineered Quantum Systems

Lecture Notes of the Les Houches Summer School: Volume 96, July 2011

Edited by Michel Devoret, Benjamin Huard, Robert Schoelkopf, and Leticia F. Cugliandolo

Lecture Notes of the Les Houches Summer School

Overview of the tools needed to engineer quantum systems
Provides guidance to a new and highly challenging research field
State-of-the-art lectures in a fast growing field
Written from a pedagogical perspective
Applications to a broad variety of physical systems

Quantum Machines: Measurement Control of Engineered Quantum Systems

Lecture Notes of the Les Houches Summer School: Volume 96, July 2011

Edited by Michel Devoret, Benjamin Huard, Robert Schoelkopf, and Leticia F. Cugliandolo

Lecture Notes of the Les Houches Summer School

Description

This book gathers the lecture notes of courses given at the 2011 summer school in theoretical physics in Les Houches, France, Session XCVI.

What is a quantum machine? Can we say that lasers and transistors are quantum machines? After all, physicists advertise these devices as the two main spin-offs of the understanding of quantum mechanical phenomena. However, while quantum mechanics must be used to predict the wavelength of a laser and the operation voltage of a transistor, it does not intervene at the level of the signals processed by these systems. Signals involve macroscopic collective variables like voltages and currents in a circuit or the amplitude of the oscillating electric field in an electromagnetic cavity resonator. In a true quantum machine, the signal collective variables, which both inform the outside on the state of the machine and receive controlling instructions, must themselves be treated as quantum operators, just as the position of the electron in a hydrogen atom. Quantum superconducting circuits, quantum dots, and quantum nanomechanical resonators satisfy the definition of quantum machines. These mesoscopic systems exhibit a few collective dynamical variables, whose fluctuations are well in the quantum regime and whose measurement is essentially limited in precision by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Other engineered quantum systems based on natural, rather than artificial degrees of freedom can also qualify as quantum machines: trapped ions, single Rydberg atoms in superconducting cavities, and lattices of ultracold atoms. This book provides the basic knowledge needed to understand and investigate the physics of these novel systems.

Quantum Machines: Measurement Control of Engineered Quantum Systems

Lecture Notes of the Les Houches Summer School: Volume 96, July 2011

Edited by Michel Devoret, Benjamin Huard, Robert Schoelkopf, and Leticia F. Cugliandolo

Lecture Notes of the Les Houches Summer School

PART I: LECTURES
1. Real-time feedback control of quantum optical input-output systems, Hideo Mabuchi
2. Quantum noise and quantum measurement, Aashish Clerk
3. Circuit QED: Superconducting qubits coupled to microwave photons, Steven M. Girvin
4. Quantum logic gates in superconducting qubits, John M. Martinis
5. Exploring quantum matter with ultracold atoms, Immanuel Bloch
6. Readout of superconducting qubits, Daniel Esteve
7. Quantum error correction, Isaac L. Chuang
8. Quantum optomechanics, Florian Marquardt
9. Micromechanics and superconducting circuits, Konrad W. Lehnert
10. Two electron spin qubits in GaAs: Control and dephasing due to nuclear spins, Amir Yacoby and Hendrik Bluhm
11. Exploring the quantum world with photons trapped in cavities and Rydberg atoms, Jean-Michel Raimond
12. SQUID amplifiers, John Clarke, Michel Devoret and Archana Kamal
13. Quantum information science: Experimental implementation with trapped ions, Thomas Monz, Philipp Schindler, Daniel Nigg and Rainer Blatt
PART II: SEMINARS
14. An introduction to laser cooling optomechanical systems, Jack G. E. Harris
15. Tomography schemes for characterizing itinerant microwave photon fields, Christopher Eichler, Deniz Bozyigit, Christian Lang, Lars Steffen, Johannes Fink, and Andreas Wallraff
16. Using a "friction-less" pendulum for quantum measurement, Irfan Siddiqi
17. Quantum Bayesian approach to circuit QED measurement, Alexander N. Korotkov
18. Superconducting quantum circuits: Artificial atoms coupled to 1D modes, Yasunobu Nakamura
19. A superconducting artificial atom with two internal degrees of freedom, Olivier Buisson

Quantum Machines: Measurement Control of Engineered Quantum Systems

Lecture Notes of the Les Houches Summer School: Volume 96, July 2011

Edited by Michel Devoret, Benjamin Huard, Robert Schoelkopf, and Leticia F. Cugliandolo

Lecture Notes of the Les Houches Summer School

Author Information

Michel Devoret, Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, USA; College de France, Paris, France,Benjamin Huard, Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France,Robert Schoelkopf, Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, USA,Leticia F. Cugliandolo, Laboratoire de Physique Theorique et Hautes Energies, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France

Michel H. Devoret:
Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
College de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris, France

Benjamin Huard:
Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, CNRS, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France

Robert Schoelkopf:
Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

Leticia F. Cugliandolo:
Laboratoire de Physique Theorique et Hautes Energies
Universite Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Paris, France

Contributors:

Rainer Blatt, University of Innsbruck, Austria
Immanuel Bloch, Max Planck Institute, Garching, Germany
Hendrik Bluhm
Deniz Bozyigit
Olivier Buisson, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
Isaac L. Chuang, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
John Clarke, University of California, Berkeley, USA
Aashish Clerk, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Michel Devoret, Yale University, New Haven, USA
Christopher Eichler, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Daniel Esteve, SPEC-CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Johannes Fink
Steven M. Girvin, Yale University, New Haven, USA
Jack G. E. Harris, Yale University, New Haven, USA
Archana Kamal, Yale University, New Haven, USA
Alexander N. Korotkov, University of California, Riverside, USA
Christian Lang
Konrad W. Lehnert, JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
Hideo Mabuchi, Stanford University, USA
Florian Marquardt, University of Erlangen, Germany
John M. Martinis, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Thomas Monz
Yasunobu Nakamura, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Daniel Nigg
Jean-Michel Raimond, LKB-Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
Philipp Schindler
Irfan Siddiqi, University of California, Berkeley, USA
Lars Steffen
Andreas Wallraff, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Amir Yacoby, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA