Playing in the Cathedral

Music, Race, and Status in New Spain

Jesús A. Ramos-Kittrell

Currents in Latin American and Iberian Music

First study on colonial music that addresses the intersection of race and music
Offers an in-depth study of archival sources at the most important cathedral in the colonial Spanish world
Uses methodologies from musicology and social history for the study of Latin American colonial music

Playing in the Cathedral

Music, Race, and Status in New Spain

Jesús A. Ramos-Kittrell

Currents in Latin American and Iberian Music

Description

Throughout Spanish colonial America, limpieza de sangre (literally, "purity of blood ") determined an individual's status within the complex system of social hierarchy called casta. Within this socially stratified culture, those individuals at the top were considered to have the highest calidad-an all-encompassing estimation of a person's social status. At the top of the social pyramid were the Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain, who controlled most of the positions of power within the colonial governments and institutions. Making up most of the middle-class were criollos, locally born people of Spanish ancestry. During the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Peninsulare intellectuals asserted their cultural superiority over criollos by claiming that American Spaniards had a generally lower calidad because of their "impure " racial lineage. Still, given their Spanish heritage, criollos were allowed employment at many Spanish institutions in New Spain, including the center of Spanish religious practice in colonial America: Mexico City Cathedral. Indeed, most of the cathedral employees-in particular, musicians-were middle-class criollos.

In Playing in the Cathedral, author Jesús Ramos-Kittrell explores how liturgical musicians-choristers and instrumentalists, as well as teachers and directors-at Mexico City Cathedral in the mid-eighteenth century navigated changing discourses about social status and racial purity. He argues that criollos cathedral musicians, influenced by Enlightenment values of self-industry and autonomy, fought against the Peninsulare-dominated, racialized casta system. Drawing on extensive archival research, Ramos-Kittrell shows that these musicians held up their musical training and knowledge, as well as their institutional affiliation with the cathedral, as characteristics that legitimized their calidad and aided their social advancement. The cathedral musicians invoked claims of "decency " and erudition in asserting their social worth, arguing that their performance capabilities and theoretical knowledge of counterpoint bespoke their calidad and status as hombres decentes. Ultimately, Ramos-Kittrell argues that music, as a performative and theoretical activity, was a highly dynamic factor in the cultural and religious life of New Spain, and an active agent in the changing discourses of social status and "Spanishness " in colonial America. Offering unique and fascinating insights into the social, institutional, and artistic spheres in New Spain, this book is a welcome addition to scholars and graduate students with particular interests in Latin American colonial music and cultural history, as well as those interested in the intersections of music and religion.

Playing in the Cathedral

Music, Race, and Status in New Spain

Jesús A. Ramos-Kittrell

Currents in Latin American and Iberian Music

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
GLOSSARY
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE - STUDYING MUSIC CULTURE IN NEW SPAIN
· Introduction
· Rupture and Continuity
· New Approaches to Colonial Music Culture
CHAPTER TWO - MUSIC, RACE, AND SOCIAL STATUS
· Introduction
· Music and Social Life
· Race and Calidad
· Shifting Trends in Music and the Benefits of Corporate Membership
CHAPTER THREE - MUSIC, LETTERS, AND THE CLERICAL PATH
· Introduction
· Limpieza de Sangre as Social Currency
· Nobility: The Desired Calidad
· Music: Strategy for an Ecclesiastical Career
· The Choir Chaplains
CHAPTER FOUR - IGNACIO JERUSALEM AND CHANGES IN MUSIC THOUGHT
· Introduction
· Politics in Music Thought
· Profiling a Chapelmaster
· Música Práctica vs. Música Especulativa
· The Limits of Música Práctica: Caveats for a Parvenu
CHAPTER FIVE - DECENCY IN THE MUSIC CHAPEL
· Introduction
· Part One - Antecedents
o The Chapelmastership under Challenge
o The Issue of Erudition
o Financial Concerns
· Part Two - Transforming the Music Chapel
o The Loss of Corporate Structure
o Rescuing the Corporation
o Decency: The Calidad of the Corporation
EPILOGUE - FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS ON RACE AND MUSIC CULTURE
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
INDEX

Playing in the Cathedral

Music, Race, and Status in New Spain

Jesús A. Ramos-Kittrell

Currents in Latin American and Iberian Music

Author Information

Jesús A. Ramos-Kittrell, Assistant Professor of Music History, Southern Methodist University

Jesús A. Ramos-Kittrell is Assistant Professor of Music History at Southern Methodist University Meadows School of the Arts.The work of Professor Ramos-Kittrell focuses on the intersection of religious and secular thought as a basic tension that shaped early modernity culture. Specifically, he is concerned with how music in New Spain articulated social meanings and perceptions in relation to the political and economic landscape of the early modern Hispanic world.

Playing in the Cathedral

Music, Race, and Status in New Spain

Jesús A. Ramos-Kittrell

Currents in Latin American and Iberian Music

Reviews and Awards

"For the novelty of its theoretical and methodological approach, which transits the domains of musicology, cultural anthropology, and histoire des mentalités, and for the constellation of issues discussed, this book can be of use to readers with heterogeneous interests, from students and music lovers in general to musicologists and historians of the colonial period ... I recommend a reading of this refreshing volume, which represents a significant stepping-stone in an incipient sociology of Latin American colonial music." - Javier Marin-Lopez, Notes

"an important and engaging book ... I realized I was so enthralled ... that I might as well have been reading a novel." - Eva Moreda, Bulletin of Spanish Studies

"The work will appeal to a wide variety of readers, including those interested in the construction of social and racial identities and the cultural history of colonial Latin America, in addition to those interested in the musicians of the Mexico City cathedral in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. For nonspecialists, an overview of the positions and power structure within the colonial church, and specifically the Mexico City cathedral, would have been helpful. Overall, Ramos-Kittrell is to be commended for approaching this subject from a variety of disciplinary perspectives, a difficult task that required mastery of secondary works in musicology and colonial history." - Hispanic American Review

"Playing in the Cathedral is an informative and incisive case study. The author describes the soundscape of Bourbon Mexico City, illuminates the world of musical performance (then, as now, filled with clashing personalities and competitive machinations), and clearly explicates — without becoming too technical — the ongoing changes in music theory. Most importantly, he demonstrates how musicians participated in and responded to contemporary socioeconomic and cultural processes." - The American Historical Review