Oxford Desk Reference: Critical Care

Carl Waldmann, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK,Andrew Rhodes, Consultant and Professor in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Neil Soni, Formerly Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK,Jonathan Handy, Consultant Intensivist and Anaesthetist, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK

Carl Waldmann is Consultant in ICM and Anaesthesia at the Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading and Dean of the Faculty of Critical Care. Apart from his interests in the management of Head Injured patients in a DGH, the procurement and implementation of a Clinical Information System in ICU, his passion has been setting up and running an ICU follow-up clinic in Reading. From May 2007 to May 2009 he was President of the ICS, editor of Care of the Critically Ill and until 2004 the editor of JICS. Carl was also Chair of the section of Technology Assessment and Health Informatics [TAHI] of the ESICM until 2008. He was a member of the PACT editorial board of the ESICM and between 2015 and 2018 served as the Treasurer for the ESICM. Carl also has an interest in pre-hospital care and is club doctor for Leyton Orient FC.


Andrew Rhodes is a Consultant and Professor in Intensive Care Medicine and Anaesthesia at the St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and St George's University of London. He has research interests in the fields of surgery, sepsis, haemodynamics and outcomes related to Peri-operative and Intensive Care Medicine. He is widely published in these areas and is regularly invited to lecture on these subjects all around the World. Andrew has held leadership roles at both a national and an international level. He is a Council member of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) and a past president of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). He is the current co-chair of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign.


Neil Soni was formerly a Consultant in Intensive Care and Anaesthesia at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital. He trained in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care in Sydney, Australia, and was appointed as Senior Lecturer at Westminster Hospital in London in 1985.


Jonathan Handy is a Consultant Intensivist and Anaesthetist at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital and is Clinical Lead for North West London Critical Care Network (patient transfers). Qualifying from University College London Medical School in 1995, he continued his specialist training at Imperial College School of Anaesthesia. He is an editor of the journal Anaesthesia and has developed, taught and directed numerous educational courses including Medical Simulation. His research focuses on acid-base disturbances, lactate in critical illness, development and application of mathematical physiological models, critical care transfers and molecular physiology of critical illness.

Section Editors:

Hollmann D. Aya, Clinical & Research Fellow, Adult Critical Care Directorate, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Nasirul J Ekbal, Consultant in Intensive Care and Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Emma Fitzgerald, Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine and Anaesthesia, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK

David Garry, Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine & Anaesthetics. John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospital NHS Trust, Oxford, UK

Pascale Gruber, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Director for Surgery and Inpatients, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Kate Tatham, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK & Clinical Lecturer, Imperial College London, UK

Contributors:

Wissam Abouzgheib, Associate Professor of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health, Camden, New Jersey, USA

Ayodele Ajayi, Consultant Microbiologist, Department of Microbiology, Royal Stoke University Hospital, University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, Staffordshire, UK

Alaa Alghamry, Senior Medical Officer, Department of Internal Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Peter J. D. Andrews, Professor, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Djillali Annane, Chief of General ICU, Raymond Poincare hospital (AP-HP), Dean of Faculty of Health Science, University of Versailles, France,

Tarek F. Antonios, Senior Lecturer & Consultant Physician, Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St George's University of London & St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Elizabeth M. C. Ashley, Consultant in Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Barts Cardithoraccic Centre, St Batholemew's Hopsital, London, UK

Ben Attwood, Consultant, ICU and Anaesthetics, South Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust, Warwick, UK

Hollmann D. Aya, Clinical & Research Fellow, Adult Critical Care Directorate, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Jan Bakker, Professor of Intensive Care, Department of Pulmonology and Intensive Care, Columbia University, Medical Center, New York, USA

Jonathan Ball, Consultant in General and Neuro Intensive Care, Adult Critical Care Directorate, St George's Hospital, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Graham Barker, Consultant, Intensive Care Unit & Anaesthetics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK

Katharine Barr, University Hospital Southampton , Southampton, UK

Stephen Barrett, Anaesthetic SpR North Central London Deanery

Anthony Bastin, Consultant in Critical Care, Department of Peri-Operative Medicine, Barts Health NHS Trust, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK

Davide Bastoni, Emergency Medicine Consultant, Emergency Department, "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Hospital, Piacenza, Italy

Anna Batchelor, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK

Simone Bazurro, Professor at the Policlinico San Martino University of Genoa, Italy

Rafik Bedair, Clinical Director for Adult Critical Care, St George's Hospital, London, UK

Nebil Behar, Consultant Emergency Surgeon, Department of Surgery, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital NHS, London, UK

Alexandra Belcher, Intensive Care and Anaesthetic Registrar, Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK

Victoria Bennett, Academic clinical fellow in Intensive Care Medicine, St George's, University of London, London, UK

Dennis C. J. J. Bergmans, Intensive Care Center Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands

Sanjoy Bhattacharyya, Specialist Registrar in Anaesthetics, Department of Anaesthetics, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Julian Bion, Professor of Intensive Care Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK

Sara Blakeley, Consultant in Critical Care, Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK

Jonathan Booth, Consultant Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist, The Royal Berkshire Hospital NHS Trust, Reading, UK

Mark Borthwick, Consultant Pharmacist, Critical Care, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK

Richard Bourne, Consultant Pharmacist - Critical Care Departments of Pharmacy & critical Care Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Northern General Hospital Herries Road Sheffield, UK

Aimee Brame, Consultant Intensivist Critical Care, Guys' & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Nina Brixey, Specialist Trainee in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, General Intensive Care Unit, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK

Craig Brown, Senior lead physiotherapist for critical care, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK

Heerajnarain Bulluck, Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, London, UK

Luisa M. Cabrero-Moreno, Intensive Care Unit, Hospital of Santo Antonio dos Capuchos, Lisbon, Portugal

Luigi Camporota, Consultant in Intensive Care and ECMO , Honorary Senior Lecturer in Critical Care, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Maurizio Cecconi, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, St George's Hospital, London, UK

Duncan Chambler, Consultant in Critical Care and Anaesthesia, Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK

Samuel Chan, Medical Registrar, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Rob Charnock, Anaesthetist and Intensivist, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK

Felix Chua, Consultant respiratory physician, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK

Richard Clinton, Consultant in Critical Care and Anaesthetics, Department of Critical Care, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK

Hannah Cock, Professor of Epilepsy & Medical Education Institute of Medical & Biomedical Science, St George's, University of London, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust London, UK

Jerome G. L. Cockings, Consultant Intensive Care Physician, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Berkshire Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK

Andrew T. Cohen, Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine, St James's Hospital, Leeds, UK

Julian Collinson, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK

Ian Conrick-Martin, Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine & Anaesthesia, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

Andrew Constantine, Cardiology specialty trainee (SpR), Royal Brompton hospital, London, UK

Jeremy Cordingley, Consultant, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK

Eve Corner, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

A. Agatha Crerar-Gilbert, Consultant Anaesthetist and Intensivist, Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Robert Crichton, Junior Clinical Fellow, Cardiothoracic Intensive Care, St George's Hospital , London, UK

Mathew Cross, ST6 trainee, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Chris Danbury, Consultant Anaesthetics and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK

Sonya Daniel, Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine & Anaesthetics, Adult Critical Care Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK

Sarah Dawson, SpR in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust Hull, UK

James Day, Adult Intensive Care Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospital NHS Trust, Oxford, UK

R. Phillip Dellinger MD, MCCM Professor of Medicine and Distinguished Scholar Cooper Medical School of Rowan University Senior Critical Care Attending Cooper University Health Camden, NJ, USA

Frantisek Duska, Consultant and Associate Professor of Intensive Care., Head of Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care , Third Faculty of Medicine and Kralovske Vinohrady University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

Chris Edge, Consultant Anaesthetist, Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Berkshire Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK

Ari Ercole, Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine, Neurosciences and Trauma Intensive Care Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK

Tim Evans, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK

Andy Eynon, Consultant in Neurosciences Intensive Care, Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK

Simon Finney, Consultant in Intensive Care and Anaesthesia, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK

Emma Fitzgerald, Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine and Anaesthesia, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK

Nick Fletcher, Consultant in Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Honorary Senior Lecturer, St Georges University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK

Leda Floris, Department of Critical Care, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK

Lui G. Forni, Consultant Intensivist & Nephrologist Intensive Care Unit, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust & Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

Melanie Gager, Rehabilitation after Critical Illness Nurse Lead, Intensive Care Unit, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK

David Garry, Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine & Anaesthetics. John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospital NHS Trust, Oxford, UK

Sarah Ghonim, Cardiology SpR, Chelsea and Westminister Hospital, London, UK

Anthony Gordon, Professor of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine & Intensive Care, Imperial College London,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

Tim Gould, Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bristol, Bristol, UK

Andrew Gratrix, Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK

Mark Griffiths, Consultant Intensivist, Perioperative Medicine, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK

Vimal Grover, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK

Pascale Gruber, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Director for Surgery and Inpatients, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Rohit Gupta, Medical Registrar, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Mark Hamilton, Consultant and Honorary Senior Lecturer in Anaesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, St. George's Hospital, London, UK

Olfa Hamzaoui, Medical Doctor Service de reanimation polyvalente Hopital Antoine Beclere, Hopitaux universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris. France

Jonathan M. Handy, Consultant Intensivist and Anaesthetist, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK

Benjamin Harris, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK

Derek Hausenloy, Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, London, UK

Jeremy Henning, Consultant Intensivist Defence Consultant Advisor in Intensive Care Medicine James Cook University Hospital Middlesbrough, UK

Andrew Hetreed, West Sussex Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sussux, UK

Ken Hillman, Professor of Intensive Care, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Steven M. Hollenberg Director, Coronary Care Unit Cooper University Hospital Camden, NJ, USA

Beverley J. Hunt, Professor of Thrombosis & Haemostasis, King's College London, London, UK

Can Ince, Department of Translational Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Annette Jepson, Consultant Microbiologist, Homerton University Hospital Foundation Trust, London, UK

Michael Joannidis, Professor of Medicine, Division of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

Max Jonas, Consultant in Intensive Care, Intensive Care Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK

Andrew Jones, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK

Rachel Jones, Consultant Physician , Department of HIV/GUM , Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust , London, UK

A Kapila, Consultant Anaesthetist, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK

A. Kapila, Foundation Year One Doctor, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, UK

Abha Kaul, Medical Registrar, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Liza Keating, Consultant Intensive Care Medicine, Intensive Care Unit, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK

Michael J. Kim, Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

Roop Kishen, Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine & Anaesthesia (Retired), Intensive Care Directorate, Hope Hospital, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, Manchester, UK

Martin Kuper, Medical Director, Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Lies Langouche, Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Dawn Lau, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

Helen Laycock, Clinical Lecturer Pain Medicine, Imperial College London, UK

Susannah Leaver, Consultant in Intensive Care and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Critical Care, St George's NHS Trust, London, UK

Julian Lentaigne, Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brompton and Herefield NHS trust, UK

Thiago Lisboa, Hospital Santa Rita, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa,Porto Alegre, Brazil

John-Paul Lomas, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Bolton NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK

Nicholas Lyons, Dept of General Surgery, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital NHS Trust, UK

Michael MacMahon, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK

Peter MacNaughton, Consultant in intensive care medicine, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth UK

Brendan Madden, Professor of Cardiothoracic Medicine, Cardiothoracic Unit, St.Georges Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Hilary Madder, Consultant in Neurocritical Care, Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK

Bruno Maia, Neurointensive Care Unit, Hospital de Sao Jose , Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon , Portugal

Alexander R. Manara, Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine and Anaesthesia, The Intensive Care Unit, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK

Joan Ramon Masclans, Head of Critical Care Department, University Hospital del Mar Pompeu Fabra University, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain

Gary Masterson, Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK

Vineeta Matharu, ST3 Anaesthetics Oxford Hospitals NHS Trust , Oxford, UK

Steve Mathieu, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Dorchester, UK

Andrew McAndrew, Consultant Trauma Surgeon, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK

Greg McAnulty, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

G McCracken, Department of Anaesthetics, Torbay & South Devon NHS Foundation Trust, UK

Stuart McKechnie, Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine & Anaesthetics, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK

Pete McQuillan, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK

James Millard, Wellcome Trust Liverpool Glasgow Centre for Global Health Research, Liverpool, UK

Gary H. Mills, Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine and Anaesthesia, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Rui Moreno, Unit of Neurological Intensive Care, Sao Jose Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal

Andrew Morley-Smith, Academic Clinical Fellow in Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, London, UK

Tim McErlane, Intensive Care Unit, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK

Satvinder Mudan, Consultant Hepatobiliary Surgeon, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Penny Neild, Consultant Gastroenterologist and Honorary Senior Lecturer, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Mark Nelson, Consultant HIV, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Jerry P. Nolan, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK

M. Norrenberg, Laboratory Assistant in Chest physiotherapy, University in the City of Brussels, Belgium

Robert M. L. Orme, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Department of Critical Care,
Cheltenham General Hospital, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, UK

Chris Oscier, St George's School of Anaesthesia, London, UK

John Park, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK

Iain Parsons, Cardiology Specialist Registar, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK

Kinesh Patel, Consultant Gastroenterologist, Department of Gastroenterology, Chelsea & Westminster Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Amit Patel, Consultant & Senior Lecturer in Stem Cell Transplantation & Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

Hina Pattani, Consultant in Critical Care Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Caroline Patterson, Consultant Respiratory Physician, Department of Transplant, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

Rupert Pearse, Professor of Intensive Care Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Adult Critical Care Unit, Royal London Hospital, London, UK

Giles Peek, Head of the East Midlands Congenital Heart Centre, UK

Barbara Philips, Reader in Intensive Care Medicine, St George's University of London, London, UK

Mandeep Phull, Royal London Hospital, UK

Michael R. Pinsky, Professor of Critical Care Medicine, Anesthesiology, Bioengineering, Cardiovascular
Diseases and Translational Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA

Alison Pittard, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK

Kees Polderman, Visiting Professor, University of Pittsburgh, USA

Susanna Price, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK

Jonny Price, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesia, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK

Alastair Proudfoot, Consultant in Critical Care Department of Perioperative Medicine, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK

Audrey C. Quinn, Consultant Anaesthetist Department of Anaesthesia James Cook University Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesbrough, UK

Tony Rahman, Director of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Johanna Raker, Consultant Gastroenterologist (locum), Kingston Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Marco Ranieri, Professor, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, UK

Shahnawaz Rasheed, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK

Ian Rechner, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK

Alex Reece-Smith, Senior Registrar, Department of General Surgery, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK

Andrew Rhodes, Consultant and Professor in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Claudio Ronco, Director, Departmento of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy

Clare Ross, Respiratory Consultant and Lead for Pleural Disease, Chest and Allergy Department, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

Paul Sadler, Consultant in Critical Care and Anaesthesia, Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK

Zab Samidurai, Senior Registrar, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Avishay Sarfatti, Consultant in Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Oxford University Hospital NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

Som Sarker, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Medicine Regional Advisor for Intensive Care Medicine, Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Nottinghamshire, UK

Pallav Shah, Consultant Physician, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK

Stephen Shepherd, Consultant in Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, Department of Perioperative Medicine, Barts Health NHS Trust, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK

Suman Shrestha, Advanced Critical Care Nurse Practitioner, Intensive Care Unit, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey, UK

Constantinos Simillis, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK

Ruan Simpson, ST5 registrar Microbiology, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK

Martin Smith, Consultant and Honorary Professor in Neurocritical Care, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, London, UK

Jodie Smythe, Anaesthetics and Intensive Care ST7, Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospital NHS Trust, Oxford, UK

Mikael Sodergren, Academic Clinical Lecturer in Surgery with a special interest in clinical translation of innovative technology and novel surgical techniques, Imperial College London, London, UK

Candela Sole-Lleonart, Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland

Karthi Srikanthan, Specialist Trainee, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Kate Tatham, Specialty Registrar in Anaesthetics and Intensive Care, Imperial School of Anaesthesia, Imperial College, London, UK

Jean-Louis Teboul, Medical Resuscitation Service ,Bicetre Hospital, Paris, France

Catherine Thomas, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK

James Thomas, Senior Medical Officer, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The Prince
Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Dafydd Thomas, Assistant Medical Director, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Wales, UK

Ian Thomas, Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine and Anaesthesia, The Intensive Care Unit, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK

Elaine Thorpe, Department of critical care, University College London, London, UK

Louise Thwaites, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Oxford, UK

Laura Tincknel, Frimley Park Hospital, Frimley, Surrey, UK

Bharath Kumar TV, Consultant IN Critical Care, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

James N. Uprichard, Consultant Haematologist, The Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Greet Van den Berghe, Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Ilse Vanhorebeek, Associate Professor, Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Emma Vaux, Consultant Nephrologist, Renal Department, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK

Laura Vincent, Clinical Fellow, Intensive Care Medicine John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospital NHS Trust, Oxford, UK

Nilangi Virgincar, Consultant Microbiologist, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK

Gorazd Voga, Specialist of internal and intensive care medicine, Medical Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital Celje, Celje, Slovenia

Helen Vollmer, Registrar in Anaesthetics and Intensive Care, Medicine Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK

R Vyaknaram

Sam Waddy, Intensive Care Consultant, Intensive Care Department, Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK

Adrian Wagstaff, Humphrey Davy Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospitals, Bristol, UK

Andrew Walden, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK

Carl Waldmann, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK

Angela Walsh, Director, North West London Critical Care Network, Co-Chair National Critical Care Network Directors' Group , Member, EPRR National Clinical Reference Group , UK

Nigel R. Webster, Professor of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK

Perry J. Weinstock, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, USA

John Welch, Consultant Nurse, Critical Care & Critical Care Outreach Division of Critical Care University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust University College Hospital London, UK

Tim Wigmore, Critical Care Unit, Royal Marsden Foundation Trust, London, UK

Matthew Williams, Consultant in Critical Care & Anaesthesia, Academic Department of Critical Care, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK

Peter Wilmshurst, Consultant Cardiologist, Department of Cardiology , Royal Stoke University Hospital, University Hospital of North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, UK

Peter Wilson, Paediatric Intensive Care Consultant, Southampton Children's Hospital, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK

Bob Winter, Medical Director, East Midlands Ambulance Service, Nottingham, UK

Adrian Wong, Consultant Intensive Care Medicine and Anaesthesia, Adult Intensive Care Unit, Oxford University Hospital NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK