Preface
SECTION 1. CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY
Chapter 1. The Politics and Policy Dichotomy
The Role of Politics in the Administration of Justice
Sources of Law
Public Policy and the Policymaking Process
Politics and Legislative Processes and Functions
Criminal Justice Policymaking
Chapter 2. Crime Control Versus Due Process
The Crime Control Model
The Due Process Model
The Practical Differences Between the Models
Crime Control Model Policies
Due Process Model Policies
SECTION 2. LAW ENFORCEMENT ISSUES
Chapter 3. Understanding Criminal Justice Policy
Challenges to Rational Criminal Justice Policies
Research and Criminal Justice Policy
Stakeholders and Their Influence
Chapter 4. The Search for a Guiding Philosophy of Policing
The Evolution of American Policing
Stages of Police Development
The Political Era (1820s-1940s)
Reform Transition (Late 1800s-Early 1900s)
The Professional Era (1940-1970)
Days of Protest: Another Transition (Mid-1960s-Mid-1970s)
The Community Policing Era (1970-2010)
Community Policing
Search for a New Philosophy of Policing (2010 to Present)
Evidence-Based Policing
Intelligence-led Policing
Mission-based Policing
Smart Policing
Women in Policing
Chapter 5. Police and the Use of Force
Background
Defining the Terms
Police and Citizen Interactions
Influences on the Use of Force
Laws
Policies
Training
Departmental Practice or Police Culture
The Characteristics of Individual Officers
High-Speed Pursuits as Deadly Force
Less-Than-Lethal Force
Police Officer Deaths
Police Shootings of Civilians
Remedies for Unauthorized Use of Force
Chapter 6. Gun Control
Perceptions of the Gun Violence Problem
Gun Violence
Firearms Legislation
Regulating the Types of Firearms
Legislating Access to Firearms
Controlling Firearms Use
Effectiveness of Gun Control Legislation
Police Interventions to Reduce Illegal Gun Use
SECTION 3. JUSTICE FOR ALL, OR JUST FOR SOME?
Chapter 7. Sentencing
Mass Imprisonment
Getting Tough
Indeterminate to Determinate Sentencing
Prosecutors and Plea Bargaining
Sentencing Guidelines
Mandatory Minimum Sentences
Three-Strikes Legislation
Truth-in-Sentencing
Chapter 8. Race, Ethnicity, and Justice
Decision Making in the Criminal Justice System
Arrest
Juvenile Detention and Incarceration
Prosecution
Adjudication
Sentencing
Punishment
Chapter 9. Gender and Justice
Women as Offenders in the Criminal Justice System
Arrests
Detention
Prosecution and Adjudication
Criminal Sanctions
Treatment and Rehabilitation Resources
Women as Crime Victims
Sexual Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Crime
Chapter 10. Wrongful Convictions
Miscarriages of Justice
Scope of the Problem
Eyewitness Misidentification
False Confessions and Incriminating Statements
Incentivized Informants
Unvalidated or Improper Forensic Science
Misconduct
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
SECTION 4. THE CHALLENGES OF CORRECTING LAW-VIOLATING BEHAVIOR
Chapter 11. What Are the Alternatives to Incarceration?
Supervising Offenders in the Community
Specialized Courts
Drug Diversion Programs
Enhanced Probation
Reducing Jail Populations
Parole
Chapter 12. Putting the Brakes on Correctional Populations
Imprisonment and Crime Control
The Direct Costs of Incarceration
Indirect Costs of Incarceration
Rehabilitating Prisoners
Privatization
Chapter 13. The Death Penalty
The Current State of the Death Penalty
Capital Punishment in America: Evolving Conditions and Practices
Support for the Death Penalty
The Death Penalty Today
Capital Punishment Policy
Chapter 14. Responding to Youth Crime
Youth Crime Trends
Explaining the Youth Crime Drop
Cycles of Juvenile Justice
Models for Reducing Youth Crime
Noninterventionist Model
Rehabilitation Model
Crime Control Model
Evidence-Based Interventions
SECTION 5. PUBLIC SAFETY AND THE FUTURE
Chapter 15. Security Versus Liberty in the 21st Century
Federal Legislation
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
The USA PATRIOT Act
Homeland Security
Security Versus Privacy and Liberty
Technology and the Debate Over Privacy
Video Surveillance
Police Technologies
Fusion Centers
The Changing Legal Environment
Chapter 16. Making Sense of Criminal Justice
Looking Forward
Police
Courts
Corrections
Do Vested Interests Stifle Criminal Justice Reform?
Criminal Justice in the 21st Century
Case Index
Author Index
Subject Index