World Map (inside front cover)
From the Publisher
List of Boxes
List of Maps
List of Tables
List of Figures
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1:
Introduction
Anthropology: The Four Branches
Branches of Physical Anthropology
Human Evolution
Genetics
Paleoanthropology
Anthropometry
Primatology
Medical Anthropology
Forensic Anthropology
Science
The Scientific Method
Fact, Theory, and Hypothesis
Objectivity and Subjectivity
Lumpers and Splitters: Declaring Which Side You Are On
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Readings
Recommended Websites
Chapter 2: Tools of the Trade: How Old Is That?
Introduction
Relative Dating
Stratigraphy
Seriation
Absolute Dating
A Warning about Websites and Absolute Dating
Writing
Dendrochronology
Varves
Radiocarbon Dating: Carbon 14
How Do You Test a New Form of Dating? Consilience
Potassium-Argon Dating
Electron Spin Resonance
The Pigs Beg to Differ
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Readings
Recommended Websites
Chapter 3: Evolution
What Is Evolution?
What Evolution Is Not
Irish Elk: The Truth of Extinction and the Lie of Orthogenesis
Philosophical Stances and Evolution
Gregor Mendel and Evolution
Genetics: The Players
Mutation: We Are All X-Men
It Isn't the Number of Your Genes That Counts
Natural Selection
Debates within Evolutionary Theory
Proofs for Evolution
Direct Observation of Evolution
Transitions and Consistency in the Fossil Record
Biogeography
Comparative Anatomy
Unintelligent Design: Vestigial Structures and Imperfections
Molecular Biology
The Embryo: 'Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny'
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Readings
Recommended Websites
Chapter 4: Following the Evolutionary Path
Introduction
Family Trees and Bushes
Two Hard Concepts to Grasp
Deep Time
Where Were the Continents at This Time?
Where Is Our Continent Now?
Taxonomy
Traits
Species
Genus and Beyond
So Is a Bird a Reptile, or What?
Concestors: They've Come a Long Way Since Then
Long Live the Kingdoms, or Maybe Not
Changing Kingdoms
Animalia
DRIPS, Choanoflagellates, Sponges, Placozoans, Ctenophores and Cnidarians: Our Most Distant Animal
Relatives
Acoelomorph Flatworms, Protostomes, and Ambulacrarians
Sea Squirts and Lancets
Fish
Coelacanths and Lungfish
Amphibians
Sauropsids
Mammals
Monotremes
Marsupials
Afrotheres
Xenarthans
Laurasiatheres
Cetartiodactyla
Perissodactyla
Carnivora
Insectivora
Rodentia and Lagomorpha
Euarchantoglires
Primates and Their Evolution
Fossil Primates
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Readings
Recommended Websites
Chapter 5: Primates: Taxonomy and Behaviour
An Ape Is NOT a Monkey
Dental Patterns
Taxonomy
Suborders
Strepsiirhini
Haplorrhini
Tarsiers or Tarsiiformes
Simians or Simiformes
Platyrrhinii (New World Monkeys)
Colour Perceptions
Catarrhines (Old World Monkeys
Cercopithecoidae (superfamily) and Cercopithecidae (family)
Vervet Monkey Calls
Baboons
Gibbons
White-Handed Gibbons: A Visit with Lenny and Holly
Great Apes and Humans: A Taxonomic Shift
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees and Bonobos
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Readings
Recommended Websites
Chapter 6: Hominins before Homo
Introduction
Key Anatomical Terms Used in This Chapter
The Arm or Upper Limb
The Leg or Lower Limb
The Skull or Cranium
Bipedalism
The Energy Consumption Theory
The Return of the Lumpers and the Splitters and the Difficulties of Naming Dead Species
The Species Concept and Its Difficulties
Vestigial Structures and Imperfections
Fossil Hominin Species
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis
Ardipithecus kadabba
Ardipithecus ramidus
Kenyanthropus platyops
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis
Dikika Baby
Australopithecus bahrelghazali
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus garhi
Australopithecus sediba
The Robust Australopithecines
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Readings
Recommended Websites
Chapter 7: Early Homo
Introduction
The Brain Game
Homo habilis
KNM-ER 1470 and the Great Cranial Capacity Debate
Homo rudolfensis
Homo erectus
Why Do They Have Thick Skulls?
The Movius Line
Eugene Dubois and the Discovery of Homo erectus
Mojokerto Child
Sangiran
Ngandong
Homo erectus pekingensis
Homo erectus/ergaster in Africa
Hunters or Scavengers: Direct and Indirect Evidence
Fire
Homo georgicus
Homo floresiensis
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Readings
Recommended Websites
Chapter 8: Transition to Modern Homo sapiens
Introduction
Lumper and Splitter Taxonomy
The Origins of 'Modern' Human Beings
Changing from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens
Hypotheses of the Origin of Homo sapiens
Out of Africa
Multiregionalism
Clinal Replacement
Homo heidelbergensis
Significant European Finds
Heidelberg Jaw
Steinheim Skull
Swanscombe Skull
Petralona Skull
Arago XXI or Tautavel Man
Box: Tool Talk
Sima de los Huesos
Boxgrove Man
Gran Dolina
Homo cepranensis
Schoningen Spears
Upper Palaeolithic
Cro-Magnon
Ancient mtDNA
Significant African Finds
Kabwe or Broken Hill Skull
Florisbad I
Sale Cranium
LH18-Ngaloba
Bodo Cranium
Buia-UA-31
Omo 1 and 2
Herto: Homo sapiens idaltu
Klasies River
Border Cave
Skhul 5
Qafzeh Cave
Significant Chinese Finds
Dali Cranium
Jinniushan Man
Maba Cranium
Liujiang
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Readings
Recommended Websites
Chapter 9: Neandertal
Introduction
Neandertal in Popular Culture
Location and Time Period
The Physical Description
The Feldhofer Find: Naming the Other
The Spiritual Cannibal: Remaking Neandertal into a Human
Flowers and Compassion: Shanidar Cave, Iraq
Why Did Neandertal Become Extinct?
Violence between Cro-Magnon and Neandertal?
Neandertals as Bad Hunters
'Tur'rific Hunters
Tool Talk
Anatomy versus Culture: Who Was Better in the Cold?
Gorham's Cave
The Famous Fossil Femur Flute
Hybrids
Lapedo Child
The Romanian Evidence
Spanish Teeth
Mitochondrial Evidence
Mezmaiskaya Cave
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Readings
Recommended Websites
Chapter 10: Human Variation
Introduction
Variation within a Species
A Brief Look at the History of Race in Science
Skin Colour as a Racializer
Eye Colour
Cephalic Index: Race and Plasticity
Dental Anthropology
The Genetic Approach
Phylogeography
MtDNA
Y-Chromosomes in General
Race and Measurement: A Modern Perspective
Race and Disease
Blood Disorder and Race
Tay-Sachs
Thrifty Gene
Lactose Intolerance
HIV and CC5 delta-32
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Readings
Recommended Websites
Chapter 11: Recent History: Ethics, Migrations, and the Physical Costs of Agriculture
Introduction
Ethics
In Favour of Science: Overcoming the Bias of the Book
The People's Rightful Connection to the Bones
The Case against Science: Stories of Trophies of Science
What about Now?
Complications
Learning about the Culture of a People: The Iceman
Trying to Resolve the Issue of Aboriginal Osteology
The Shift to Agriculture: Effects on the Body
Dental
Bones
The Peopling of the Americas
They Came from Asia
The Archaeological Evidence
Clovis First versus Pre-Clovis
Linguistic Evidence Concerning the Peopling of the Americas
The Beringia Refuge Hypothesis
Y-Chromosomes and the Americas
Skulls
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Readings
Recommended Websites
Chapter 12: Forensic Anthropology
Introduction
A Brief History of Forensic Anthropologists
Thomas Dwight
George A. Dorsey and the Case of the Sausage Maker's Wife
Clyde Snow
William Bass: The Body Farm
Forensic Analysis Step-by-Step
Determining That the Body Is Human
Numbering the Skeletons
Sexing the Skeleton
Racing the Skeleton
ForDisc's First Case
Aging the Skeleton
Epiphyseal Union
Public Symphysis Morphology
Cranial Sutures
Dental Aging
Estimating Skeletal Stature
Cause of Death
The Robert Pickton Case
Missing Person (from the RCMP Cold Cases)
Human Rights Work: Witnessing to World Oppression
The Equipo Argentino de Antropologia (EAMF)
Clea Koff: The Bone Woman
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Readings
Recommended Websites
Chapter 13: Conclusions
Introduction
New Thoughts on the Species Concept
New Thoughts on Genetic or Molecular Dating: The Penguins Speak
New Thoughts on Race: What Is the Place of Race in Physical Anthropology Today?
New Thoughts on Physical Anthropologists
New Thoughts on Bipedalism
New Thoughts on Human Evolution
New Thoughts on Nations: Seeking the Taino
Concluding Statements
If You Were to Read 10 Books
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Readings
Recommended Websites
Glossary
Bibliography
Credits
Index