Genocide

Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments
Introduction: The Study and History of Genocide
Chapter One: Concepts
1. Genos and Cide Raphaël Lemkin
Raphaël Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress -1944
2. The Original Legal Definition UN Genocide Convention
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted by Resolution 260(III) A of the United Nations General Assembly, December 9, 1948
3. Actus Reus and Mens Rea of Genocide William Schabas
William A. Schabas, Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes (2009)
4. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court The Legal Definition Revised
U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/9
5. Genocides as Utopias of Race and Nation Eric D. Weitz
Eric D. Weitz, A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation (2003)
6. A Sociological Definition Helen Fein
Helen Fein, Genocide: A Sociological Perspective (1991)
7. Politicide Barbara Harff and Ted Robert Gurr
Barbara Harff and Ted Robert Gurr,"Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases Since 1945," International Studies Quarterly (1988)
8. Democide R. J. Rummel
R.J. Rummel, Death by Government (1994)
9. Gendercide Mary Anne Warren
Mary Anne Warren, Gendercide: The Implications of Sex Selection (1985)
10. Cultural Genocide David Nersessian
David Nersessian, "Rethinking Cultural Genocide Under International Law," Human Rights Dialogue (2005)
11. Colonial Genocide David Maybury-Lewis
David Maybury-Lewis, "Genocide against Indigenous Peoples," in Alexander Laban Hinton, ed., Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide (2002)
12. Genocidal Massacre Israel W. Charny
Israel W. Charny, "Toward a Generic Definition of Genocide," in George J. Andreopoulos, ed., Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions (1994)
13. Genocide as a Form of War Martin Shaw
Martin Shaw, War and Genocide: Organized Killing in Modern Society (2003)
14. Atrocity Crimes David Scheffer
David Scheffer, "Genocide and Atrocity Crimes," Genocide Studies & Prevention (2006)
15. Extremely Violent Societies Christian Gerlach
Christian Gerlach, Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World (2010)
16. The Genocidal Continuum Nancy Scheper-Hughes
Nancy Scheper-Hughes, "The Genocidal Continuum: Peace-Time Crimes," in Jeannette Mageo, ed., Power and the Self (2002)
17. Is the Holocaust Unique? Yehuda Bauer
Yehuda Bauer, Rethinking the Holocaust (2001)
18. The Politics of Naming Mahmood Mamdani
Mahmood Mamdani, "The Politics of Naming: Genocide, Civil War, and Insurgency," London Review of Books (2007)
19. Genocidalism Aleksandar Jokic
Aleksandar Jokic, "Genocidalism," Journal of Ethics-2004
Chapter Two: Causes
20. The Discourse on the Extinction of Primitive Races Patrick Brantlinger
Patrick Brantlinger, Dark Vanishings: The Discourse on the Extinction of Primitive Races, 1800-1930 (2003)
21. The Origins of the Genocidal Moment in the Colonization of Australia A. Dirk Moses
A. Dirk Moses, "An Antipodean Genocide? The Origins of the Genocidal Moment in the Colonization of Australia," Journal of Genocide Research (2000)
22. Genocide before the Holocaust Cathie Carmichael
Cathie Carmichael, Genocide before the Holocaust (2009)
23. Revolution and Genocide in the Ottoman Empire Robert Melson
Robert Melson, Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust (1992)
24. The Secret Young-Turk Ittihadist Conference Vahakn N. Dadrian
Vakahn N. Dadrian, "The Secret Young-Turk Ittihadist Conference and the Decision for the World War I Genocide of the Armenians," Holocaust and Genocide Studies (1993)
25. Explaining the Holocaust: Intentionalism vs. Structuralism Ian Kershaw
Ian Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation (2000)
26. Eliminationist Antisemitism as Genocidal Motivation Daniel Jonah Goldhagen
Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (1996)
27. Toward a Definition of Antisemitism Gavin I. Langmuir
Gavin I. Langmuir, Toward a Definition of Antisemitism-1990
28. The Origins of the "Final Solution" Christopher R. Browning
Christopher R. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942-2004
29. Demography and the Holocaust Götz Aly and Susanne Heim
Götz Aly and Susanne Heim, Architects of Annihilation: Auschwitz and the Logic of Destruction
30. Why Modernity Matters Zygmunt Bauman
Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and Holocaust ([1989] 2000)
31. The Ideology of Total Revolution in Pol Pot's Cambodia Karl D. Jackson
Karl D. Jackson, "The Ideology of Total Revolution," in idem., ed., Cambodia 1975-1978: Rendezvous with Death-1989
32. The Politics of National Homogeneity in Serbia Ivo Banac
Ivo Banac, "The Politics of National Homogeneity," in Brad K. Blitz, ed., War and Change in the Balkans: Nationalism, Conflict and Cooperation (2006)
33. In God's Name Omer Bartov and Phyllis Mack
Omer Bartov and Phyllis Mack, "Introduction," in idem., eds., In God's Name: Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century (2001)
34. Environmental Scarcity and the Genocide in Rwanda Val Percival and Thomas Homer-Dixon
Val Percival and Thomas Homer-Dixon, "Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: The Case of Rwanda," Journal of Environment and Development (1996)
35. When Victims Become Killers Mahmood Mamdani
Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism,Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda (2001)
36. Unsimplifying Darfur René Lemarchand
René Lemarchand, "Unsimplifying Darfur," (2005)
37. Obedience to Authority Stanley Milgram.
Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (1974)
38. Difficult Life Conditions Ervin Staub
Ervin Staub, The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence (1989)
39. Becoming Evil James Waller
James Waller, Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Murder, Second Edition (2007)
40. Democide and Genocide as Rent-Seeking Activities Gerald W. Scully
Gerald W. Scully, "Democide and Genocide as Rent-Seeking Activities," Public Choice (1997)
41. The Strategic Logic of Mass Killing Benjamin A. Valentino
Benjamin A. Valentino, Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century (2004)
42. The Killing Trap Manus Midlarsky
Manus Midlarsky, The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth
43. The Dark Side of Democracy Michael Mann
Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing (2005)
Chapter Three: Courses
44. The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BC Ben Kiernan
Ben Kiernan, "The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BC," Diogenes (2004)
45. Extermination, Hyper-Exploitation, and Forced Deportation in
Pre-Modern Times Mark Levene
Mark Levene, Genocide in the Age of the National State, Volume 1: The Meaning of Genocide (2005)
46. American Holocaust David E. Stannard
David E. Stannard, American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World (1993)
47. Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide? Guenter Lewy
Guenter Lewy, "Were Americans Indians the Victims of Genocide?," Commentary (2004)
48. The Conquest of America Tzvetan Todorov
Tzvetan Todorov, The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other (1999)
49. Ontological Destruction of Canadian Aboriginal Peoples Andrew Woolford,
Andrew Woolford, "Ontological Destruction: Genocide and
Canadian Aboriginal Peoples," Genocide Studies & Prevention-2009
50. The Irish Potato Famine, 1845-1849 Cecil Woodham-Smith
Cecil Woodham-Smith, The Great Hunger: Ireland, 1845-1849 ([1962] 1991)
51. From Native Policy to Genocide in South West Africa George Steinmetz
George Steinmetz, The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa (2007)
52. Aboriginal Child Removal and 'Half-Castes' in Australia Robert Manne
Robert Manne, "Aboriginal Child Removal and the Question of Genocide, 1900-1940," in A. Dirk Moses, ed., Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History (2004)
53. Absolute Destruction as Strategy: Wilhelmine Germany and the Ottoman Empire Isabel V. Hull
Isabel V. Hull, Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany (2004)
54. Cumulative Radicalization and the Armenian Genocide Donald Bloxham
Donald Bloxham, "The Armenian Genocide of 1915-1916: Cumulative Radicalization and the Development of a Destruction Policy," Past & Present (2003)
55. Hunger by Design: Holodomor in Ukraine Andrea Graziosi
Andrea Graziosi, "The Soviet 1931-1933 Famines and the Ukrainian Holodomor: Is a New Interpretation Possible, and What Would Its Consequences Be?," in Halyna Hryn, ed., Hunger by Design: The Great Ukrainian Famine in Its Soviet Context (2008)
56. The Soviet Deportation of the Chechen-Ingush Norman M. Naimark
Norman M. Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe (2001)
57. Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin Timothy Snyder
Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin-2010
58. Mass Murder Technologies Jacques Semelin
Jacques Semelin, Purify and Destroy: The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide (2007)
59. Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 in Poland Christopher Browning
Christopher Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (2001)
60. Belonging and Genocide: Hitler's Community Thomas Kühne
Thomas Kühne, Belonging and Genocide: Hitler's Community, 1918-1945 (2010)
61. War of Annihilation on the Eastern Front, 1941 Geoffrey P. Megargee
Geoffrey P. Megargee, War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941 (2007)
62. Networks of Nazi Persecution Gerald D. Feldman and Wolfgang Seibel
Gerald D. Feldman and Wolfgang Seibel, "The Holocaust as Division-of-Labor-Based Crime-Evidence and Analytical Challenges," in idem., eds., Networks of Nazi Persecution: Bureaucracy, Business, and the Organization of the Holocaust-2005
63. Annihilation of State Prisoners through Labor Nikolaus Wachsmann
"'Annihilation through Labor'": The Killing of State Prisoners in the Third Reich," Journal of Modern History-1999
64. Nazi Concentration Camps Wolfgang Sofsky
Wolfgang Sofsky, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp-1997
65. Collective Effervescence Dan Stone
Dan Stone, "Genocide as Transgression," European Journal of Social Theory (2004)
66. A Head for an Eye: 'Disproportionate Revenge' in the Cambodian Genocide Alexander Laban Hinton
Alexander Laban Hinton, "A Head for an Eye: Revenge in the Cambodian Genocide," American Ethnologist (1998)
67. Who Were the Génocidaires of Rwanda? Scott Straus
Scott Straus, The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda (2006)
68. The Cultural Face of Hutu Terror Christopher Taylor
Christopher C. Taylor, "The Cultural Face of Terror in the Rwandan Genocide of 1994," in Alexander Laban Hinton, ed., Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide-2002
69. Genocide in Gujarat Martha C. Nussbaum
Martha C. Nussbaum, "Genocide in Gujarat," Dissent-2003
70. Insurrection in Darfur Robert O. Collins
Robert O. Collins, A History of Modern Sudan (2008)
Chapter Four: Coverage
71. Dachau Martha Gellhorn
Martha Gellhorn, The Face of War (1959)
72. Buried by the Times Laurel Leff
Laurel Leff, Buried by The Times: The Holocaust and America's Most Important Newspaper (2005)
73. Covering Nazi Atrocities in Photographs Barbie Zelizer
Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory Through the Camera's Eye (1998)
74. The Invention of 'Ethnic Cleansing' in Yugoslavia Laura Silber and Allan Little
Laura Silber and Allan Little, The Death of Yugoslavia-1995
75. Srebrenica David Rohde
David Rohde, Endgame: The Betrayal and Fall of Srebrenica: Europe's Worst Massacre since World War II (1997)
76. Tribes Battle for Rwandan Capital The New York Times
"Tribes Battle for Rwandan Capital: New Massacres Reported," The New York Times, April 16, 1994
77. Shooting Dogs Philip Gourevitch
Philip Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With our Families: Stories from Rwanda (1998)
78. Dying in Darfur Samantha Power
Samantha Power, "Dying in Darfur: Can the Ethnic Cleansing in Sudan be Stopped?," The New Yorker, August 30, 2004
79. Narrating Darfur Deborah Murphy
Deborah Murphy, "Narrating Darfur," in Alex de Waal, ed., War in Darfur and the Search for Peace (2007)
80. Reporting Genocide Is Not Easy Conor Foley
Conor Foley, "Reporting Genocide Isn't Easy: The New Generation of Citizen Journalists are a Mixed Blessing for Humanitarianism," The Guardian, December 28, 2006
Chapter Five: Consequences
81. From Africa to Auschwitz Benjamin Madley
Benjamin Madley, "From Africa to Auschwitz: How German South West Africa Incubated Ideas and Methods Adopted and Developed by the Nazis in Eastern Europe," European History Quarterly (2005)
82. The Armenian Genocide and American Missionary Relief Efforts Suzanne E. Moranian
Suzanne E. Moranian, "The Armenian Genocide and American Missionary Relief Efforts," in Jay Winter, ed., America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915 (2003)
83. Cambodia after the Khmer Rouge Evan Gottesman
Evan Gottesman, Cambodia after the Khmer Rouge: Inside the Politics of Nation-Building (2003)
84. Dangerous Sanctuaries in Zaire Sarah Kenyon Lischer
Sarah Kenyon Lischer, Dangerous Sanctuaries: Refugee Camps, Civil War, and the Dilemmas of Humanitarian Aid (2005)
85. John Hagan and Wenona Rymond-Richmond with Alberto Palloni and Patricia Parker The U.S. State Department Atrocities Documentation Survey in Darfur"
John Hagan and Wenona Rymond-Richmond, Darfur and the Crime of Genocide (2008)
86. DNA Technology and Srebrenica's Missing Sarah E. Wagner
Sarah E. Wagner, To Know Where He Lies: DNA Technology and the Search for Srebrenica's Missing (2008)
87. The Trauma of Genocide Jens Meierhenrich
Jens Meierhenrich, "The Trauma of Genocide," Journal of Genocide Research (2007)
88. Cultural Trauma Jeffrey Alexander
Jeffrey C. Alexander, "Toward a Theory of Cultural Trauma," in Jeffrey C. Alexander, Ron Eyerman, Bernhard Giesen, Neil J. Smelser, and Piotr Sztompka, eds., Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity (2004)
89. Genocide and Social Death Claudia Card
Claudia Card, "Genocide and Social Death," Hypatia-2003
90. Bosnia after the Dayton Agreement of 1995 Sumantra Bose
Sumantra Bose, Bosnia after Dayton: Nationalist Partition and International Intervention (2002)
91. From Genocide to Dictatorship in Rwanda Filip Reyntjens
Filip Reyntjens, "Rwanda, Ten Years On: From Genocide to Dictatorship," African Affairs (2004)
92. Africa's World War Gérard Prunier
Gérard Prunier, Africa's World War: Congo, The Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe (2009)
93. The Unseen Regional Implications of the Crisis in Darfur Roland Marchal
Roland Marchal, "The Unseen Regional Implications of the Crisis in Darfur," in Alex de Waal, ed., War in Darfur and the Search for Peace (2007)
Chapter Six: Courts
94. Testimony Giorgio Agamben
Giorgio Agamben, Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive (2002)
95. The Turkish Military Tribunal Vahakn N. Dadrian
Vahakn N. Dadrian, "The Turkish Military Tribunal's Prosecution of the Authors of the Armenian Genocide: Four Major Court-Martial Series," Holocaust & Genocide Studies-1997
96. Film as Witness at the IMT Lawrence Douglas
Lawrence Douglas, The Memory of Judgment: Making Law and History in the Trials of the Holocaust (2001)
97. The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial Devin Pendas
Devin Pendas, The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial, 1963-1965: Genocide, History, and the Limits of the Law (2006)
98. Did Tutsi Constitute an 'Ethnical' Group? International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, September 2, 1998
99. Defining Rape Internationally Catherine MacKinnon
Catherine MacKinnon, "Defining Rape Internationally: A Comment on Akayesu," Columbia Journal of Transnational Law-2006
100. State Responsibility for Genocide: Bosnia v. Serbia International Court of Justice
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), 2007 ICJ, February 26, 2007
101. Extermination as a Crime against Humanity vs. Genocide Guénaël Mettraux
Guénaël Mettraux, International Crimes and the Ad Hoc Tribunals (2005)
102. Universal Jurisdiction and the 'Butare Four' Luc Reydams
Belgium's First Application of Universal Jurisdiction: The Butare Four Case Journal of International Criminal Justice-2003
103. Rwanda's Gacaca Jurisdictions Lars Waldorf
Lars Waldorf, "Rwanda's Failing Experiment in Restorative Justice," in Dennis Sullivan and Larry Tifft, eds., Handbook of Restorative Justice: A Global Perspective (2006)
104. The Long History of the Khmer Rouge Tribunal Kelly Whitley
Kelly Whitley, "History of the Khmer Rouge Tribunal: Origins, Negotiations, and Establishment," in John D. Ciorciari, ed., The Khmer Rouge Tribunal (2006)
105. Decision on the Prosecution's Application for a
Warrant of Arrest against Omar Al Bashir International Criminal Court
In the Case of the Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir ("Omar Al Bashir"), Case No. ICC-02/05-01/09, Decision on the Prosecution's Application for a Warrant of Arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, March 4, 2009
106. A Prosecutor Without Borders Julie Flint and Alex de Waal
Julie Flint and Alex de Waal, "Case Closed: A Prosecutor Without Borders," World Affairs (2009)
Chapter Seven: Coping
107. Deathfugue Paul Celan
John Felstiner, Paul Celan: Poet, Survivor, Jew (1995)
108. Homines Ludentes Jean Améry
Jean Améry, At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor of Auschwitz and Its Realities (1980)
109. The Question of German Guilt Karl Jaspers
Karl Jaspers, The Question of German Guilt ([1947] 2000)
110. The Meaning of Working Through the Past Theodor W. Adorno
Theodor W. Adorno, "The Meaning of Working Through the Past," in Rolf Tiedemann, ed., Can One Live after Auschwitz? A Philosophical Reader (2003)
111. The Gray Zone Primo Levi
Primo Levi, The Drowned and the Saved (1989)
112. When Memory Comes Saul Friedländer
Saul Friedlander, When Memory Comes (1979)
113. Useless Knowledge Charlotte Delbo
Charlotte Delbo, Auschwitz and After (1995)
114. Lanzmann's Shoah David Denby
David Denby, "Out of Darkness," New York Magazine, October 28, 1985, reprinted in Stuart Liebman, ed., Claude Lanzmann's Shoah: Key Essays (2007)
115. Holocaust Testimonies Lawrence Langer
Lawrence Langer, Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory-1991
116. Yad Vashem James E. Young
James E. Young, The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning (1993)
117. Khmer Meanings of Pain John Marcucci
John Marcucci "Sharing the Pain: Critical Values and
Behaviors in Khmer Culture," in May M. Ebihara, Carol A. Mortland, and Judy Ledgerwood, eds., Cambodian Culture since 1975: Homeland and Exile, (1994)
118. Fear as a Way of Life in Xe'caj Linda Green
Linda Green, "Fear as a Way of Life," Cultural Anthropology (1994)
119. On Trial Orhan Pamuk
Orhan Pamuk, "On Trial," The New Yorker, December 19,2005
120. The Tenth Circle of Hell Rezak Hukanovi?
Rezak Hukanovi?, The Tenth Circle of Hell: A Memoir of Life in the Death Camps of Bosnia (1998)
121. Shake Hands with the Devil Roméo Dallaire
Romeo Dallaire, Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (2003)
122. Children's Drawings of Darfur Carla Rose Shapiro
Carla Rose Shapiro, "Visual Advocates: Depicting Darfur," in Amanda F. Grzyb, ed., The World and Darfur: International Response to Crimes Against Humanity in Western Sudan (2009)
Chapter Eight: Compensation
123. On Apology Aaron Lazare
Aaron Lazare, On Apology (2004)
124. Remarks by the President of the United States at Kigali Airport, March 25, 1998 William J. Clinton
"Remarks by the President to Genocide Survivors, Assistance Workers, and U.S. and Rwanda Government Officials," The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, March 25, 1998
125. Australia's 'Sorry Books' Haydie Gooder and Jane M. Jacobs
Haydie Gooder and Jane M. Jacobs, "'On the Border of the Unsayable': The Apology in Postcolonizing Australia," Interventions (2000)
126. Superseding Historic Injustice Jeremy Waldron
Jeremy Waldron, "Superseding Historic Injustice," Ethics (1992)
127. Acknowledging and Rectifying the Genocide of American Indians William Bradford
William Bradford, "Acknowledging and Rectifying the Genocide of American Indians: 'Why Is It That They Carry Their Lives on Their Fingernails?,'" in Claudia Card and Armen T. Marsoobian, eds., Genocide's Aftermath: Responsibility and Repair (2007)
128. Compensation for Forced and Slave Laborers in Nazi
Concentration Camps John Authers
John Authers, "Making Good Again: German Compensation for Forced and Slave Laborers," in Pablo de Greiff, ed., The Handbook of Reparations (2006)
129. The International Court of Justice's Refusal of a Reparation Order in Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro Christian Tomuschat
Christian Tomuschat, "Reparation in Cases of Genocide," Journal of International Criminal Justice (2007)
130. The Reparation Provisions in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Gilbert Bitti and Gabriela González Rivas
Gilbert Bitti and Gabriela González Rivas, "The Reparation Provisions for Victims under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court," in The International Bureau of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, ed., Redressing Injustices through Mass Claims Processes: Innovative Responses to Unique Challenges (2006)
Chapter Nine: Cures
131. The Bombing of Auschwitz Re-Examined James H. Kitchens III
James H. Kitchens III, "The Bombing of Auschwitz Re-Examined," Journal of Military History (1994)
132. The Prevention of Genocide UN Genocide Convention
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, adopted by Resolution 260(III)A of the United
Nations General Assembly, December 9, 1948
133. What Duty to Intervene? William Schabas
William A. Schabas, Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes (2009
134. Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia Stephen J. Morris
Stephen J. Morris, Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia: Political Culture and the Causes of War (1999)
135. Bystanders to Genocide in Rwanda Samantha Power
Samantha Power, "Bystanders to Genocide," Atlantic Monthly (2001)
136. The Rwandan Genocide and the Limits of Humanitarian Intervention Alan Kuperman
Alan Kuperman, The Limits of Humanitarian Intervention: Genocide in Rwanda (2001)
137. Inside the UN in 1994 Michael Barnett
Michael Barnett, Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda (2002)
138. Independent International Commission on Kosovo: Illegal but Legitimate
The 1999 NATO Intervention in Kosovo
Independent International Commission on Kosovo, Kosovo Report: Conflict,
International Response, Lessons Learned (2000)
139. How Genocide Was Stopped in East Timor Geoffrey Robinson
Geoffrey Robinson, "If You Leave Us Here, We Will Die": How Genocide Was Stopped in East Timor (2010)
140. The Argument About Humanitarian Intervention Michael Walzer
Michael Walzer, "The Argument About Humanitarian Intervention," Dissent (2002)
141. Why Not Genocide in Darfur International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur
International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1564 of 18 September 2004, January 25, 2005
142. The African Union Mediation in Darfur Dawit Toga
Dawit Toga, "The African Union Mediation and the Abuja Peace Talks," in Alex de Waal, ed., War in Darfur and the Search for Peace (2007)
143. Genocide and the Europeans Karen E. Smith
Karen E. Smith, Genocide and the Europeans (2010)
144. Obama, Adrift on Sudan Andrew S. Natsios
Andrew S. Natsios, "Obama, Adrift on Sudan," Washington Post, June 23, 2009
145. Whither Reconciliation? Jens Meierhenrich,
Jens Meierhenrich, "Varieties of Reconciliation," Law & Social Inquiry (2008)
146. Reducing Intergroup Prejudice and Conflict Using Media Elizabeth Levy Paluck
Elizabeth Levy Paluck, "Reducing Intergroup Prejudice and Conflict Using Media: A Field Experiment in Rwanda," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (2009)
147. Quantitative Risk Assessment Barbara Harff
Barbara Harff, "No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder Since 1955," American Political Science Review (2003)
148. The Prediction of Genocide Onset Matthew Krain
Matthew Krain, "State-Sponsored Mass Murder: The Onset and Severity of Genocides and Politicides," Journal of Conflict Resolution (1997)
149. R2P: Responsibility to Protect International
Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty-2001
150. Responsibility to Protect Populations from Genocide, War Crimes, Ethnic Cleansing and Crimes against Humanity United Nations General Assembly
U.N. General Assembly, 60th Session. Draft Resolution referred to the High-Level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly by the General Assembly at its Fifty-Ninth Session (A/60/L.1), September 20, 2005