Contents
Preface
Photo Essay: Policing Intimate Partner Violence

Chapter 1. Introducing Crime and Criminal Justice
Case Study: How Would You Spend $50 Million
Introducing Criminal Justice
Perspectives on Criminal Justice
--Is Criminal Justice a System?
--Is Criminal Justice a Profession?
--Is Criminal Justice a Bureaucracy?
--Is Criminal Justice a Moral Agent?
--Is Criminal Justice an Academic Discipline?
--Applying the Five Perspectives: Police Use of Deadly Force
Defining Crime
--What Crime is
--What Crime is Not
The Extent of Crime
--Official Crime Data
--Other Sources of Crime Data
--Crime Data: Trade-offs and Politics
Looking Ahead
Conclusion
Criminal Justice Problem Solving: DNA Evidence
Chapter 1 Appendix: The Criminal Justice System

Unit I: Perspectives on Law
Photo Essay: Morality and the Law

Chapter 2. Criminal Justice, Society, and Morality
Case Study: Justice on Lover's Lane
Criminal Justice and Society
--The Social Contract as a Metaphor for Criminal Justice Goals
Choosing Strategies and Tactics
--Strategies
--Tactics
Criminal Justice: Popular Conceptions versus Academic Scholarship
Morality and Criminal Justice
--Private Morality
--Kohlberg's Moral Stages
--Public Morality
Idealism, Pragmatism, and Criminal Justice
--Idealists and Idealism
--Pragmatists and Pragmatism
--Idealism, Pragmatism, and Policy Debates
--Applying Philosophy and Morality to Criminal Justice
Conclusion
Criminal Justice Problem Solving: Alcohol Policy

Chapter 3. Criminal Justice and Legal Philosophy
Case Study: Working the Corner
Studying Approaches to the Law
--Principles and Rules in Criminal Justice
Analyzing the Law
--The Six Concepts of Law
--Summary of the Six Concepts of Law
--Introducing the Hart-Devlin Debate
Legal Moralism
--Devlin and the Six Concepts of Law
Legal Positivism
--Hart and the Six Concepts of Law
Other Legal Principles Illustrating Idealism
--Legal Naturalism
--Rights and Interpretive Jurisprudence
--Critical Theories of Law
--Legal Paternalism
Other Legal Principles Illustrating Pragmatism
--Legal Realism
--Everyday Pragmatism
Conclusion
Criminal Justice Problem Solving: Regulating Violent Video Games

Unit II: Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
Photo Essay: What Behaviors Are Deviant?

Chapter 4. Theories of Deviance and Social Control
Case Study: The Winchester Joker asks, "Why so serious?"
An Overview of Deviance
--Norms
--Subcultural Norms
--Socialization
The Social Control of Deviance
--Informal versus Formal Social Control
--Agents of Social Control
Crime, Sin, and Poor Taste as Forms of Deviance
--The Role of Deviance in Society
Styles of Social Control
The Medicalization of Deviance
--Medicalization and Criminal Responsibility
--Consequences of Medicalization
Therapeutic Social Control and Public Policy
--Vindication and Putative Backlash
--Other Consequences of Shifts in the Style of Social Control
Conclusion
Criminal Justice Problem Solving: Gun Control and Mental Illness

Chapter 5. Theories of Criminal Behavior
Case Study: The Case of Carl Panzram
Some Explanations of Criminal Deviance
--Historical Perspectives on Criminology
--Deviance in Society
Some Explanations of Criminal Deviance
--Historical Perspectives on Criminology
--Modern Biological Perspectives on Crime and Criminality
--The Classical School of Criminology
Psychological Theories of Crime and Criminality
--Psychodynamic Theories
--Differential Association
--Techniques of Neutralization
--Personality and Crime
Sociocultural Theories of Crime and Criminality
--Social Disorganization Theory
--Strain Theory
--Delinquent Subcultures
--Social Control Theory
--Labeling Theory
--Conflict Criminology
The Study of Criminology in Criminal Justice
Conclusion
Criminal Justice Problem Solving: Youth Gangs

Unit III: Perspectives on Justice
Photo Essay: Justice, Privacy, and Enforcement

Chapter 6. Concepts of Justice
Case Study: Sexting
Justice: Fact or Fiction?
The Justice in Criminal Justice
--Vigilante Justice
--Ideological Justice
--Discourse Perspective Justice
--Postmodern Justice
A Focus on Distributive Justice
--A Classic Approach: Aristotle's Commutative Justice
--An Economic Approach: Bentham's Utilitarian Justice
--A Belief in Punishment: Retributive Justice
--Everyone Is Due Something: Restorative Justice
--But Is It Fair? Rawls on Justice
Individual and Community Interests in Distributive Justice
--Mechanical Criminal Justice
--Authoritarian Criminal Justice
--Compassionate Criminal Justice
--Participatory Criminal Justice
--Toward Justice
Conclusion
Criminal Justice Problem Solving: Justice Reinvestment

Chapter 7. Concepts of Justice Policy
Case Study: The Quagmire of State Marijuana Policy
Criminal Justice and Civil Justice
--Criminal Justice
--Civil Justice
Social Justice and American Values
--Social Justice and Criminal Justice
--American Political Culture
The Development of Criminal Justice Policy
--Stability and Change in Public Policy
--Federalism
--State and Federal Policy
--Separation of Powers
--American Criminal Justice Policy in Comparative Perspective
--American Criminal Justice Policy in Historical Perspective
Forces Shaping Criminal Justice Policy
--Mass Media
--Interest Groups
--Politics and Politicians
--Bureaucrats
Conclusion
Criminal Justice Problem Solving: Drugs and Drug Policy

Chapter 8. Concepts of Criminal Procedure
Case Study: When Are Dog Sniffs "Searches"?
Concepts of Procedural Justice
--Three Philosophical Models of Procedural Justice
--Social Psychological Factors
Two Models of the Criminal Process
Procedural Justice in the Original U.S. Constitution
--Habeas Corpus
--Bills of Attainder
--Ex Post Facto Laws
--Trial by Jury
--Trial for Treason
Procedural Justice in the Amendments to the U.S. Constitution
--The Fourth Amendment
--The Fifth Amendment
--The Sixth Amendment
--The Fourteenth Amendment
--The Exclusionary Rule
Conclusion
Criminal Justice Problem Solving: Surveillance and Technology

Unit IV: Penal Social Control
Photo Essay: Bullying

Chapter 9. Criminal Law
Case Study: Criminalizing Addiction
The History of Criminal Law
--Criminal Law in Ancient Civilizations
--Criminal Law in Ancient Greece and Rome
--Criminal Law Changes in Early Christendom
--Criminal Law in Early England
--From English Common Law to Modern Penal Laws
Common Elements of Modern Criminal Law
--Actus Reus
--Mens Rea
--Attendant Circumstances
--Causation of Result
Types of Crimes
Defenses to Crimes
Constitutional Limitations on Criminalization
--The First Amendment
--The Second Amendment
--The Fourteenth Amendment: Due Process and Equal Protection Concerns
Conclusion
Criminal Justice Problem Solving: Public Health Concerns Regarding the Overcriminalization and Decriminalization of STI Transmission

Chapter 10. Criminal Punishment
Case Study: Three Strikes Laws
Conceptualizing Punishment
Justifications for Criminal Punishment
--Retribution
--Deterrence
--Incapacitation
--Rehabilitation
--Restitution and Restoration
--Competing Philosophies
The Politics of Whom We Punish
Limitations on Criminal Punishment
--Culpability: A Fairness Principle Requiring Blameworthiness
--Notice and the Principle of Legality
--Proportionality and the Eighth Amendment
The Future of Punishment
Conclusion
Criminal Justice Problem Solving: The Death Penalty

Unit V: Overview of Criminal Justice Institutions
Photo Essay: Toward the Future of Criminal Justice

Chapter 11. Core Concepts of U.S. Policing
Case Study: Policing a Housing Development
Philosophies of Policing
--Policing in England
--The Political Era (1830s-Early 1900s)
--The Professional Era (1930s-1970s)
--The Community Problem-Solving Era (1970s-Present)
--The Police and Homeland Security: A New Era?
--Developmental Theories of Policing
The Culture of Policing
--Wilson's Styles of Police Behavior
--Police Officer Personalities
The Structure of American Law Enforcement
--Local Police Agencies
--State Police Agencies
--Federal Agencies
Ethical Issues in Policing
--Levels of Corruption
--Ethical Questions in Policing
--The Dirty Harry Problem
--Controlling Unethical Behavior
--The Police, the Public, and Promoting Legitimacy
Policing Strategies
--Myths About Policing
--Team Policing
--Community-Oriented Policing
--Problem-Oriented Policing
--An Example of Problem-Oriented Policing: Richmond's Sector 213
Conclusion
Criminal Justice Problem Solving: Focused Deterrence

Chapter 12. Core Concepts of U.S. Court Systems
Case Study: Pretrial Detention for a Crime He Did Not Commit
The Structure of the U.S. Court System
--Hierarchical Jurisdiction
--Other Forms of Jurisdiction
The Courtroom Workgroup
--Judges
--Prosecutors
--Defense Attorneys
--Other Courtroom Workgroup Members
Criminal Pretrial Processes
--Initial Appearance
--Bail
--Charging
--Arraignment
--Discovery
--Plea Bargaining
--Pretrial Motions
Criminal Trial Processes
--Jury Selection
--Presumptions and Evidence
--Trial
--Sentencing
--Postconviction Review
Judicial Review
Legal Reasoning
--Philosophies of Legal Reasoning
--The Process of Legal Reasoning
Conclusion
Criminal Justice Problem Solving: Problem-Solving Courts

Chapter 13. Core Concepts of U.S. Correctional Theory and Practice
Case Study: Weightlifting in Prison
The Scope and Purpose of American Corrections
Four Essential Tensions Underlying Correctional Philosophy and Policy
--The Essential Tension of Finance
--The Essential Tension of Research
--The Essential Tension of Discretion
--The Essential Tension of Invisibility
--Summary of the Concept of Essential Tensions
History and Practice of Institutional Corrections
--A Historical Survey of Correctional Institutions
--Current Practice in Correctional Institutions
--Theoretical Perspectives on Prison Life
History and Practice of Community Corrections
--A Historical Survey of Community Corrections
--Current Practice in Community Corrections
Conclusion
Criminal Justice Problem Solving: Voting Rights
References
Glossary
Index
Photo Credits