Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

1:Basics of Electricity
Objectives
Introduction
1-1 Electrification by Friction
1-2 Voltage, Current, and Resistance
1-3 Basic Source of Electricity
1-4 Electric Lamp
1-5 Electric Circuit
1-6 Current Direction
1-7 Direct Current and Alternating Current
1-8 Electric shock
Review Questions
Summary of Important Terms
2:Measuring Current, Voltage, and Resistance
Objectives
Introduction
2-1 Metric Prefixes and Engineering Notation
2-2 Current Measurement
2-3 Voltage Measurement
2-4 Resistance Measurement
2-5 Instrument Accuracy and Precision
Summary of Basic Electrical Instrument Characteristics
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
3:Ohm's Law and Electrical Calculations
Objectives
Introduction
3-1 Resistance
3-2 Ohm's Law
3-3 Application of Ohm's Law
3-4 Conductance
3-5 Electrical Power and Energy
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
4:Conductors, Insulators, and Resistors
Objectives
Introduction
4-1 Conductors
4-2 Insulators
4-3 Conductor Resistivity
4-4 Temperature Effects on Conductors
4-5 Resistor Construction and Power Ratings
4-6 Temperature Coefficients of Resistors
4-7 Resistor Color Code
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
5:Series Resistor Circuits
Objectives
Introduction
5-1 Series Resistor Circuit
5-2 Voltages in a Series Circuit (Kirchhoff's Voltage Law)
5-3 Voltage Divider
5-4 Potentiometer
5-5 Power in a Series Circuit
5-6 Voltage Dropping and Current Limiting
5-7 Open Circuits and Short Circuits in Series Circuits
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
6:Parallel Resistor Circuits
Objectives
Introduction
6-1 Parallel Resistor Circuit (Kirchhoff's Current Law)
6-2 Parallel Equivalent Circuit
6-3 Conductances in Parallel
6-4 Current Divider
6-5 Power in Parallel Circuits
6-6 Open Circuits and Short Circuits in a Parallel Circuit
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
7:Series- Parallel Resistor Circuits
Objectives
Introduction
7-1 Series-Parallel Resistor Circuits
7-2 Currents in a Series-Parallel Circuit
7-3 Voltage Drops in a Series-Parallel Circuit
7-4 Ladder Networks
7-5 Analysis of Series-Parallel Resistor Circuits
7-6 Troubleshooting Series-Parallel Circuits
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
8:Network Analysis Techniques
Objectives
Introduction
8-1 Voltage Sources and Current Sources
8-2 Network Analysis Using Kirchhoff's Laws
8-3 Loop Equations (Mesh Equations)
8-4 Nodal Analysis
8-5 Delta-Y Transformations
8-6 Dependent Voltage and Current Sources
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
9:Network Theorems
Objectives
Introduction
9-1 The Superposition Theorem
9-2 Thévenin's Theorem
9-3 Norton's Theorem
9-4 Millman's Theorem
9-5 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
10:Voltage Cells, Batteries, and DC Power Supplies
Objectives
Introduction
10-1 Simple Voltage Cell
10-2 Voltage Cell Characteristics
10-3 Miscellaneous Voltage Cells
10-4 Voltage Cells in Series
10-5 Voltage Cells in Parallel
10-6 Voltage Cells in Series-Parallel
10-7 Lead-Acid Battery
10-8 DC Power Supplies
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
11:Magnetism
Objectives
Introduction
11-1 Magnetic Field
11-2 Electromagnetism
11-3 Theory of Magnetism
11-4 Magnetic Flux and Flux Density
11-5 Magnetomotive Force and Magnetic Field Strength
11-6 Force on Current-Carrying Conductors
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
12:Magnetic Circuits
Objectives
Introduction
12-1 Reluctance and Permeability
12-2 Permeability of Free Space
12-3 Solenoid
12-4 Relative Permeability
12-5 Composite Magnetic Circuits
12-6 Force between Two Magnetic Surfaces
12-7 Magnetization Curves, Hysteresis, and Eddy Currents
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
13:DC Measuring Instruments
Objectives
Introduction
13-1 Basic Ammeters
13-2 Basic Voltmeters
13-3 Basic Ohmmeters
13-4 Electronic Voltmeters (Analog and Digital)
13-5 Electronic Ammeters and Voltmeters
13-6 Measuring Resistance by Ammeter and Voltmeter
13-7 The Megohmmeter
13-8 Power Measurement
13-9 The Wheatstone Bridge
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
14:Inductance
Objectives
Introduction
14-1 Electromagnetic Induction
14-2 Induced EMF and Current
14-3 Self-Inductance
14-4 Mutual Inductance
14-5 Types of Inductors
14-6 Energy Stored in an Inductive Circuit
14-7 Inductors in Series and in Parallel
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
15:Capacitance
Objectives
Introduction
15-1 Electric Charge Storage
15-2 Electric Field
15-3 Capacitance and Capacitor Dimensions
15-4 Capacitor Types and Characteristics
15-5 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel
15-6 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
16:Inductance and Capacitance in DC Circuits
Objectives
Introduction
16-1 RL Circuit Operation
16-2 Instantaneous Current and Voltage in RL Circuits
16-3 Open-Circuiting an Inductive Circuit
16-4 RL Circuit Waveforms
16-5 RC Circuit Operation
16-6 Instantaneous Current and Voltage in RC Circuits
16-7 Discharging a Capacitor
16-8 RC Circuit Waveforms
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
17:Alternating Current and Voltage
Objectives
Introduction
17-1 Generation of Alternating Voltage
17-2 Sine Wave
17-3 Frequency, Phase Angle, and Wavelength
17-4 Resistive Load with AC Supply
17-5 Peak, Average, and RMS Values of Sine Waves
17-6 Oscilloscopes
17-7 AC Function Generator
17-8 AC Voltmeters
17-9 AC Electronic voltmeters
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
18:Phasors and Complex Numbers
Objectives
Objectives
18-1 Phasor Representation of Alternating Voltage
18-2 Addition and Subtraction of Phasors
18-3 Polar and Rectangular Forms, the j Operator
18-4 Mathematics of Complex Quantities
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
19:Inductance and Capacitance in AC Circuits
Objectives
Introduction
19-1 Alternating Current and Voltage in an Inductive Circuit
19-2 Inductive Reactance and Susceptance
19-3 Alternating Current and Voltage in a Capacitive Circuit
19-4 Capacitive Reactance and Susceptance
19-5 Series RL Circuits
19-6 Series RC Circuits
19-7 Series RLC Circuits
19-8 Parallel RL Circuits
19-9 Parallel RC Circuits
19-10 Parallel RLC Circuits
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
20:Series and Parallel AC Circuits
Objectives
Introduction
20-1 Series-Connected Impedances
20-2 AC Voltage Divider
20-3 Impedances in Parallel
20-4 AC Current Divider
20-5 Series-Parallel Impedances
20-6 Series and Parallel Equivalent Circuits
Summary of Formulas
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
21:Power in AC Circuits
Objectives
Introduction
21-1 Power Dissipated in a Resistance
21-2 Power in an Inductance
21-3 Power in a Capacitance
21-4 True Power and Reactive Power
21-5 Power in RL and RC Circuits
21-6 Power Factor
21-7 AC Wattmeter
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
22:AC Network Analysis and Theorems
Objectives
Introduction
22-1 AC Voltage Sources and Current Sources
22-2 Kirchhoff's Laws for AC Circuits
22-3 AC Circuit Loop Equations (Mesh Equations)
22-4 Superposition Theorem Applied to AC Networks
22-5 Nodal Analysis for AC Circuits
22-6 Thévenin's Theorem Applied to AC Circuits
22-7 Norton's Theorem Applied to AC Circuits
22-8 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem Applied to AC Circuits
22-9 Delta-Wye Transformations for AC Networks
22-10 AC Bridges
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
23:Resonance
Objectives
Introduction
23-1 Series Resonance
23-2 Tuning for Resonance
23-3 Q Factor of a Series Resonant Circuit
23-4 Bandwidth of a Series Resonant Circuit
23-5 Parallel Resonance
23-6 Q Factor for Parallel LC Circuits
23-7 Resonance Frequency for Parallel LC Circuits
23-8 Resistance Damping of Parallel LC Circuits
23-9 Tuned Coupled Coils
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
24:Filters
Objectives
Introduction
24-1 Basic Filter Types
24-2 Power Measurement in Decibels
24-3 RC Low-Pass Filters
24-4 RC High-Pass Filters
24-5 Filter Frequency Response Graphs
24-6 RL Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters
24-7 Band-Pass Filters
24-8 Notch Filters
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
25:Transformers
Objectives
Introduction
25-1 Principle of Transformer Operation
25-2 EMF Equation
25-3 Transformer on No-Load
25-4 Transformer on Load
25-5 Referred Resistance and Reactance
25-6 Transformer Voltage Regulation
25-7 Transformer Efficiency
25-8 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests
25-9 Autotransformer, Current Transformer, and Audio Transformer
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
26:Three-Phase AC Systems
Objectives
Introduction
26-1 Generation of Three-Phase Voltages
26-2 Y-Connected Generator
26-3 Delta-Connected Generator
26-4 Y-? and Y-Y Systems
26-5 Phase Sequence
26-6 Power in Three-Phase Systems
26-7 Power Factor Correction
26-8 Three-Phase Power Measurement
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
27:Nonsinusoidal Waveforms
Objectives
Introduction
27-1 Miscellaneous Waveforms
27-2 Harmonics in Waveforms
27-3 Harmonic Analysis
27-4 RMS Value of Nonsinusoidal Waveforms
27-5 Nonsinusoidal Voltage as a Circuit Input
Summary of Formulas
Review Questions
Problems
Practice Problem Answers
28:Circuit Analysis by Computer
Objectives
Introduction
28-1 Series Resistor Circuit
28-2 Series-Parallel Resistor Circuits
28-3 DC Network Analysis
28-4 Variable Load Resistor
28-5 Transient Analysis
28-6 AC Network Analysis
28-7 Resonant Circuit Analysis
28-9 Filter Frequency Response
Problems
Appendix 1: Circuit Symbols
Appendix 2: The International System of Units
Appendix 3: Unit Conversion Factors
Appendix 4: American Wire Gauge Sizes and Metric Equivalents
Appendix 5: Resistor Color Code
Appendix 6: Resistor and Capacitor Values
Answers to odd-numbered problems
Index