Congress of Neurological Surgeons Essential Papers in Neurosurgery

Edited by Najib E. El Tecle, Chief Resident, St. Louis University, Edited by Tarek Y. El Ahmadieh, Neurosurgery Resident, University of Texas Southwestern, Edited by Salah G. Aoun, Instructor, Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Spine Center, and Bernard Bendok, Professor of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic

The Congress of Neurological Surgeons is the leading provider for education in neurosurgery. The Congress of Neurological Surgeons provides the education and information resources, networking, and leadership opportunities neurosurgeons need to advance in the profession and continually innovate their provision of quality neurosurgical care.

Aviva Abosch, MD, PhD
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Omaha, NE, USA

Pankaj Agarwalla, MD
Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
Newark, NJ, USA

Manish Aghi, MD, PhD
University of California
San Francisco, CA, USA

Aminul I. Ahmed, MB/ PhD, MA, FRCS
National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery
Queen Square, London, UK

Todd J. Albert, MD
Hospital for Special Surgery
Weill Cornell Medical College
New York, NY, USA

Georgios Alexopoulos, MD
St. Louis University
St. Louis, MO, USA

Rushna Ali, MD
Spectrum Health
Grand Rapids, MI, USA

Kaith K. Almefty, MD
Barrow Neurological Institute
Chandler, AZ, USA

Ossama Al- Mefty, MD
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Harvard University School of Medicine
Boston, MA, USA

Ron L. Alterman, MD
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA

Peter Amenta, MD
Tulane University
New Orleans, LA, USA

Sepideh Amin- Hanjani, MD
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, IL, USA

Paul Arnold, MD
Carle Foundation Hospital
Urbana, IL, USA

Adam S. Arthur, MD, MPH
University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center
Semmes-Murphey Clinic
Memphis, TN, USA

Ashok R. Asthagiri, MD
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA, USA

Issam A. Awad, MD
University of Chicago Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA

Lissa C. Baird, MD
Boston Children's Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA

Nicholas C. Bambakidis, MD
University Hospitals Case Medical Center
Cleveland, OH, USA

Daniel L. Barrow, MD
Emory University
Atlanta, GA, USA

Hunt Batjer, MD
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, TX, USA

David F. Bauer, MD
Texas Children's Hospital
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX, USA

Allan J. Belzberg, MD
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA

Bernard R. Bendok, MD
Mayo Clinic
Phoenix, AZ, USA

Edward Benzel, MD
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, OH, USA

Mitchel Berger, MD
University of California
San Francisco, CA, USA

Sigurd Berven, MD
University of California
San Francisco, CA, USA

Chetan Bettegowda, MD, PhD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA

Michael Biggs, OAM, MBBS, FRACS, MBA
North Shore Private Hospital
St. Leonards, NSW, Australia

Mandy J. Binning, MD
Drexel University College of Medicine
Philadelphia, PA, USA

Christopher M. Bonfield, MD
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Nashville, TN, USA

Justin M. Brown, MD
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Cambridge, MA, USA

Paul D. Brown, MD
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN, USA

M. Ross Bullock, MD, PhD
University of Miami Health System
Miami, FL, USA

Mohamad Bydon, MD
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN, USA

Daniel P. Cahill, MD, PhD
Massachusetts General Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA

Justin M. Caplan, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA

James P. Caruso, MD
University of Texas Southwestern
Dallas, TX, USA

Eric L. Chang, MD
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA, USA

Joseph S. Cheng, MD, MS
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Cincinnati, OH, USA

John Chi, MD, MPH
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Harvard University School of Medicine
Boston, MA, USA

Ryan T. Cleary, MD
St. Louis University
St. Louis, MO, USA

Kevin M. Cockroft, MD, MSc
Penn State University
Hershey, PA, USA

Alan R. Cohen, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA

Or Cohen- Inbar, MD, PhD
UPMC Western Maryland Health System
Cumberland, MD, USA

William T. Couldwell, MD, PhD
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Carlos A. David, MD
Beth Israel Lahey Health
Tufts University School of Medicine
Burlington, MA, USA

Gavin A. Davis, MBBS, FRACS
Cabrini and Austin Health
Melbourne, Australia

Franco DeMonte, MD
University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, TX, USA

Milind Deogaonkar, MD
Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV, USA

Ketan Desai, MS, MCH
PD Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Center
Mumbai, India

Michael C. Dewan, MD, MSCI
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Nashville, TN, USA

Michael J. Dorsi, MD
University of California Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA, USA

Edward A. Duckworth, MD
St. Luke's Health System
Boise, ID, USA

Tarek El Madhoun, MD
Neuro Spinal Hospital Jumeirah Beach Road
Jumeirah, Dubai, UAE

Ramin Eskandari, MD
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, NC, USA

Steven M. Falowski, MD
Neurosurgical Associates of Lancaster
Lancaster, PA, USA

Michael G. Fehlings, MD, PhD, FRCSC, FACS
Division of Neurosurgery and Spinal Program,
University of Toronto
Toronto, ON, Canada

Richard Fessler, MD, PhD
Rush University Medical Center
Chicago, IL, USA

Ann Marie Flannery, MD
Lourdes Physicians Group
Lafayette, LA, USA

Allan H. Friedman, MD
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC, USA

Andrew P. Gard, MD
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Omaha, NE, USA

Timothy George, MD
Dell Children's Medical Group
Austin, TX, USA

Jam Ghajar, MD
Stanford University
Stanford Concussion and Brain Performance Center
Palo Alto, CA, USA

George M. Ghobrial, MD
Pikeville Medical Center
Pikeville, KY, USA

Zoher Ghogawala, MD
Beth Israel Lahey Health
Burlington, MA, USA

Ziya L. Gokalsan, MD
Brown University
Norman Prince Neurosciences Institute
Providence, RI, USA

Ramesh Grandhi, MD
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Gerald Grant, MD, FACS
Stanford University
Palo Alto, CA, USA

Matthew R. Greives, MD
McGovern Medical School at UTHealth
Houston, TX, USA

Aaron W. Grossman, MD, PhD
University of Cincinnati Health
Cincinnati, OH, USA

Jeffrey L. Gum, MD
Norton Leatherman Spine Center
Louisville, KY, USA

Ziad A. Hage, MD
Novant Health Brain & Spine
Charlotte, NC, USA

Clement Hamani, MD, PhD
University of Toronto
Toronto, ON, Canada

Ricardo A. Hanel, MD, PhD
Baptist Health
Jacksonville, FL, USA

Amgad S. Hanna, MD
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI, USA

Robert E. Harbaugh, MD, FACS
Penn State University
Hershey, PA, USA

Odette Harris, MD, MPH
Stanford University
Stanford, CA, USA

James S. Harrop, MD
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, PA, USA

Tasneem F. Hasan, MD, MPH, MPH
Ochsner Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
Shreeveport, LA, USA

Robert F. Heary, MD
Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine
Nutley, NJ, USA
Mountainside Medical Center
Montclair, NJ, USA

Marie-Noëlle Hébert-Blouin, MD
McGill University Health Center
Montreal, QC, Canada

Zachary L. Hickman, MD
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
New York, NY, USA

Daniel J. Hoh, MD
University of Florida College of Medicine
Gainesville, FL, USA

Judy Huang, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA

R. John Hurlbert, MD, PhD, FRCSC, FACS
University of Arizona
Tucson, AZ, USA

Pascal Jabbour, MD
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, PA, USA

Line Jacques, MD
University of California
San Francisco, CA, USA

George I. Jallo, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA

M. Burhan Janjua, MD
University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine,
Mercy Health System
Rockford, IL, USA

Randy Jensen, MD, PhD
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Steve N. Kalkanis, MD
Henry Ford Health System
Detroit, MI, USA

Paul Kanev, MD
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, PA, USA

Joanna Kemp, MD
St. Louis University
St. Louis, MO, USA

Maheen Q. Khan, MD
St. Louis University
St. Louis, MO, USA

Nicolas Kon Kam King, FRCS(SN), PhD
National University of Singapore
Singapore

Michel Kliot, MD
Stanford University
Stanford, CA, USA

Douglas Kondziolka, MD
NYU Langone Health
New York, NY, USA

Thomas Kosztowski, MD
Brown University
Norman Prince Neurosciences Institute
Providence, RI, USA

Frank LaMarca, MD
Henry Ford Allegiance Health
Jackson, MI, USA

Edward Laws, MD
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Harvard University School of Medicine
Boston, MA, USA

Bradley Lega, MD
University of Texas Southwestern
Dallas, TX, USA

Lawrence G. Lenke, MD
New York Presbyterian, Columbia University
New York, NY, USA

Allan D. Levi, MD, PhD, FACS
University of Miami
Miller School of Medicine
Miami, FL, USA

Elad I. Levy, MD
University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine
Buffalo, NY, USA

Alexander Y. Lin, MD, FACS
St. Louis University School of Medicine
St. Louis, MO, USA

Simon S. Lo, MB, ChB, FACR, FASTRO
University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle, WA, USA

Daniel Lubelski, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA

Martijn J. A. Malessy, MD, PhD
Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden, Netherlands

Allen H. Maniker, MD
New York, NY, USA

Donald W. Marion, MD
The Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center
Silver Spring, MD, USA

Allan R. Martin, BASc, MD, PhD, FRCSC
University of Toronto
Toronto, ON, Canada

Mark A. Mahan, MD
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Jorge Gonzalez Martinez, MD, PhD
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Epilepsy Center
Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Christopher M. Maulucci, MD
Tulane University
New Orleans, LA, USA

Mary Frances McAleer, MD, PhD
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, TX, USA

Paul McCormick, MD, MPH, FACS
The Spine Hospital
Columbia University
New York, NY, USA

John E. McGillicuddy, MD
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Philippe A. Mercier, MD, PhD
St. Louis University
St. Louis, MO, USA

Daniel Michael, MD, PhD
Ascension Providence Hospital
Southfield, MI, USA

Rajiv Midha, MD, MSc, FRCS(C), FCAHS
University of Calgary
Calgary, AB, Canada

Symeon Missios, MD
Long Island Neurosurgical & Pain Specialists (LINPS)
West Islip, NY, USA

J Mocco, MD, MS
Mount Sinai Hospital
New York, NY, USA

Jacques Morcos, MD
University of Miami Health System
Miami, FL, USA

Thomas E. Mroz, MD
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, OH, USA

Jeffrey P. Mullin, MD, MBA
Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Buffalo, NY, USA

Praveen V. Mummaneni, MD, MBA
University of California, San Francisco,
UCSF Spine Center
San Francisco, CA, USA

Pournima Navalkele, MD
St. Louis University
St. Louis, MO, USA

Edjah K. Nduom, MD
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Bethesda, MD, USA

Jayson A. Neil, MD
Midwest Neurosurgery Associates
Kansas City, MO, USA

Joseph Neimat, MD, MS
University of Louisville
Louisville, KY, USA

Phuong D. Nguyen, MD
McGovern Medical School at UTHealth
Houston, TX, USA

John E. O'Toole, MD, MS
Rush University Medical Center
Chicago, IL, USA

David O. Okonkwo, MD, PhD
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Lauren Ostling, MD
UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences
San Francisco, CA, USA

Jonathan Pace, MD
Allegheny Health Network
Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Erika A. Petersen, MD
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Little Rock, AR, USA

Julie G. Pilitsis, MD, PhD
Albany Medical College
Albany, NY, USA

Willem Pondaag, MD, PhD
Leiden University Medical Center
Leiden, Netherlands

Sujit S. Prabhu, MD
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, TX, USA

Michael Prim, MD
St. Louis University
St. Louis, MO, USA

Craig Rabb, MD, FACS
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Corey Raffel, MD, PhD
Department of Neurological Surgery,
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, CA, USA

Ganesh Rao, MD
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, TX, USA

Daniel K. Resnick, MD
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI, USA

Ali Rezai, MD
Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute
West Virginia University
Morgantown, WV, USA

K. Daniel Riew, MD
Och Spine Hospital
Columbia University & Weill Cornell Medical School
New York, NY, USA

Andrew J. Ringer, MD
Mayfield Clinic
Cincinnati, OH, USA

Elias B. Rizk, MD
Penn State University
Hershey, PA, USA

Adam M. Robin, MD
Henry Ford Health System
Detroit, MI, USA

Shenandoah Robinson, MD
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD, USA

Jack Rock, MD
Henry Ford Health System
Detroit, MI, USA

Mark L. Rosenblum, MD
Henry Ford Health System
Detroit, MI, USA

Mina G. Safain, MD
Tufts Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA

Arjun Sahgal, MD
Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Center
University of Toronto
Toronto, ON, Canada

Eric Sauvageau, MD
Baptist Health
Jacksonville, FL, USA

Sandip Savaliya, MD
Penn State University
Hershey, PA, USA

Raymond Sawaya, MD
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, TX, USA

Jason M. Schwalb, MD, FACS
Henry Ford Medical Group
Detroit, MI, USA

R. Michael Scott, MD
Boston Children's Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA

Joseph C. Serrone, MD
Loyola University
Maywood, IL, USA

Manish N. Shah, MD
McGovern Medical School at UTHealth
Houston, TX, USA

Ashwini D. Sharan, MD
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, PA, USA

Manish Singh Sharma, MBBS
Mayo Clinic Health System
Mankato, MN, USA

Jason P. Sheehan, MD, PhD
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA, USA

Matthew Shepard, MD
University of Virgina
Charlottesville, VA, USA

Fernando E. Silva, MD
Houston Methodist Neurological Institute
Houston, TX, USA

Catherine McClung Smith, MD
Palmetto Health— University of South Carolina Neurosurgery Associates
Columbia, SC, USA

Saksith Smithason, MD
Southeastern Health
Lumberton, NC, USA

Matthew D. Smyth, MD, FACS
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis Children's Hospital
St. Louis, MO, USA

Robert J. Spinner, MD
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN, USA

Martina Stippler, MD
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA

Ben A. Strickland, MD
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA, USA

Daniel L. Surdell, MD
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Omaha, NE, USA

Konstatina A. Svokos, DO, MSc
Brown University
Providence, RI, USA

Rabih G. Tawk, MD
Mayo Clinic
Jacksonville, FL, USA

Khoi D. Than, MD
Duke Neurosurgery
Durham, NC, USA

B. Gregory Thompson, MD
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Shelly D. Timmons, MD, PhD
Indiana University School of Medicine
Indianapolis, IN, USA

Roxanne Todor, MD
NYC Health and Hospitals- Jacobi
Bronx, NY, USA

Krystal Tomei, MD, MPH
University Hospitals, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital
Cleveland, OH, USA

Steven A. Toms, MD, MPH
Brown University
Providence, RI, USA

Roland Torres, MD
Orlando Neurosurgery
Orlando, FL, USA

Vincent Traynelis, MD
Rush University Medical Center
Chicago, IL, USA

Eve C. Tsai, MD, PhD, FRCSC
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, ON, Canada

Jamie S. Ullman, MD, FACS
Northwell Health
Manhasset, NY, USA

Jorge F. Urquiaga, MD
St. Louis University
St. Louis, MO, USA

Alex Valadka, MD
Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, VA, USA

Raul A. Vasquez, MD
Miami Neuroscience Institute, Baptist Health
Miami, FL, USA

Erol Veznedaroglu, MD
Drexel University College of Medicine
Philadelphia, PA, USA

Michael A. Vogelbaum, MD, PhD
Moffitt Cancer Center
Tampa, FL, USA

Eugene K. Wai, MD
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, ON, Canada

Beverly C. Walters, MD, MSc, FRCSC
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL, USA
Henry Ford Health System
Detroit, MI, USA

Michael Y. Wang, MD, FACS
University of Miami
Miller School of Medicine
Miami, FL, USA

Joanna Y. Wang, MD
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA

Babu G. Welch, MD
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, TX, USA

Jack Wilberger, MD
Drexel University College of Medicine
Philadelphia, PA, USA

Thomas J. Wilson, MD
Stanford University
Stanford, CA, USA

Christopher J. Winfree, MD, FACS
Columbia University
New York, NY, USA

Christopher D. Witiw, MD
University of Toronto
Toronto, ON, Canada

David W. Wright, MD
Emory University School of Medicine
Atlanta, GA, USA

Chengyuan Wu, MD, MSBmE
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, PA, USA

Lynda J.- S. Yang, MD, PhD
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Dali Yin, MD, PhD
Insight Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience
Flint, MI, USA

John Yu, MD
Cedars Sinai Medical Center
Los Angeles, CA, USA

Eric L. Zager, MD
University of Pennsylvania Hospital
Philadelphia, PA, USA

Kareem A. Zaghloul, MD, PhD
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD, USA

Mario Zanaty, MD
University of Iowa
Iowa City, IA, USA