Forward by Anthony V. Bouza
1. An Introduction to the Idea of Community Policing
Setting the Stage
America Is Organized for Crime
Community Policing: A Sensical Response to Social Problems
Defining Community Policing According to Four Perspective
Limitations in Defining Community Policingcing
Criticisms of Community Policing
Organization of This Book
2. A History of American Policing
The Concept of Policing in America
The Difficulty of Policing in a Democracy
The British Origins of Policing
Modern Policing in England
Police Corruption During the Political Era
Reform and Police Professionalism
The Effects of the Police Professionalization Movement
Urban Racial Violence
3. The Communityrom Team Policing to Community Policinging
The Difficulty of Defining Community
Social Evolution and the Need for Community
Communitarianism as a Response to Individualism and the Problem of Careless
Community Defined From a Communitarian Perspective
Communitarianism as a Social Movementommunity Setting
Great Expectations
4. Policing at a Time of Change
Setting the Stage for Change
The Concept of Organizational Change
Levels of Organizational Change
Understanding Organizational Change as a Process
Four Models of Change
Three Eras of Change in the History of American Policing
Seven Indicators
The Political Era
The Professional Era
The Community Era
Characteristics of Organizational Change
5. Why Police Organizations Change
The Role of Theory
The Contingency School
Typology of Organizations: Organic Versus
Mechanic Organizations
Primary Factors Identified in the External Environment
Contingency Theories and Community Policing: Why Change?
The Nature of Demand from the External Environment
Community Policing as a Police Response to the Demands of the External
Environment:
Examples of Responses
Conclusion
6. Community Policing in Action
Is Community Policing Real?
Acceptance and Support of Community Policing Philosophy Among Law Enforcement
Community Policing Buy-In
Structural and Managerial Change
Community Policing Outcomes
Executives' Attitudes Toward Community Policing
Community Policing Implementation: Actual Programs
Externally Focused Change
Internally Focused Change
The Role of the Federal Government in Promoting Community Policing
Successful Cases of Community Policing Programs
Conclusion
7. Organizational Environment and the Implementation of Community Policing Among
Leaders and Management
Research on the Organizational Environment of the Police
The Role of the Chief
The Role of Middle Management
Organizational Structure
Selling the Community Policing Model to the Troops
Organizational Culture as a Determinant of Change
Conclusion
8. Selecting and Training Employees to Do Community Policing
Hiring for Success: What Kind of Officer Do We Really Want Anyway?
Explaining the Law Enforcement Perspective Among Uniformed Personnel
Traditional Hiring Practices
Recruitment
Assessment
Training for Success
Field Training
In-Service Training
Concluding Remarks
9. Motivational Strategies and Management Styles for Community Policing
Viewing Citizens as Customers
Motivational Theories for Understanding Police Personnel
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Herzberg's Motivation and Hygiene Factors
McClelland's Achievement-Power Theory
Adam's Equity Theory
Vroom's Expectancy Theory
How Employees Are Viewed: McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
Ouchi's Theory Z
ng to Increased Organizational Cultureicing: Factors
The Nature of the Employee's Job
Participatory Management Styles
Total Quality Management
Situational Leadership Theory
Conclusion
10. Implementation: Doing Community Policing on Purpose
Ingredients for Successful Community Policing Implementation
The Strategic Plan
Barriers to Strategic Planning
Community Assessment
Problem Solving
Community Engagement
Conclusion
11. Evaluating Community Policing Effectiveness
Why Evaluation?
The Nature of Evaluations: Outputs, Outcomes, and Impacts
Types of Evaluations
Intuitive Versus Scientific Evaluation
Passive Versus Active
Narrow Versus Broad Evaluations
Summative Versus Formative Evaluations
Insiders Versus Outsiders
Redefining Success: The Emergence of Community Policing Outcome Measures
New Outcome Measures for Community Policing: PERF's Perspectives Revisited
Common Outcomes in the Community Policing Literature
Common Methods of Data Collection to Determine Community Policing Effectiveness
Direct Observation
Focus Group Interviews
Survey Research
Official Records
Social and Physical Disorder Inventory
Was the PAR Program a Success?Evaluation: The El Paso Pol
12. Predicting Long-Term Community Policing Success
The Success of Community Policing in Four Cities
Internal Changes Necessary for the Long-Term Success of Community Policing
The Community Role in Community Policing
Community Policing Among America's Poor
Successful Community Efforts to Improve Quality of Life
External Obstacles
Conclusion
13. The Future of Community Policing
Where Are We Now?
Where Are We Going? The Future of Policing
Positive Forces to the Institutionalization of Community Policing
The Negative Forces of Change
The Uncertain Forces of Institutionalization of Community Policing
The Future Direction of Community Policing: Somewhere in the Middle of the Two
Models