1 INTRODUCTION: CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
1.1. Thermodynamics: A Science of Measurable Quantities
1.2. Conservation of Energy in Mechanics
1.3. Conservation of Energy: A System of Point Molecules
1.4. A Few Examples of Energy Conservation
1.5. Kinetic Energy Exchanges in Molecular Collisions
1.6. Working and Heating
1.7. Some Necessary Thermodynamic Concepts and Jargon
1.8. Thermodynamic Internal Energy and the First Law
2 IDEAL GAS LAW: PRESSURE AND ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE
2.1. Gas Pressure and Absolute Temperature: What Are They and What Are They Not?
2.2. Pressure Decrease with Height: Continuum Approach
2.3. Pressure Decrease with Height: Molecular Interpretation
2.4. The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution of Molecular Speeds
2.5. Intermolecular Separation, Mean Free Path, and Collision Rate
2.6. Is the Pressure Gradient a Fundamental Force of Nature?
2.7. Surface Pressure and Weight of the Atmosphere
2.8. The Atmosphere Is a Mixture of Gases: Dalton's Law
3 SPECIFIC HEATS AND ENTHALPY: ADIABATIC PROCESSES
3.1. A Critique of the Mathematics of Thermodynamics
3.2. Specific Heats and Enthalpy
3.3. Adiabatic Processes: Poisson's Relations
3.4. (Dry) Adiabatic Processes in the Atmosphere
3.5. Stability and Buoyancy
3.6. Specific Heats of Gas Molecules
3.7. Heat Capacities of Mixtures of Gases
3.8. Atmospheric Applications of the First Law
3.9. Chemical Reactions and Temperature Changes
3.10. Residence Time of the Internal Kinetic Energy of Earth's Atmosphere
4 ENTROPY
4.1. Entropy of an Ideal Gas
4.2. Entropy Changes of Liquids and Isotropic Solids
4.3. Atmospheric Applications of the Second Law
5 WATER AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS
5.1. Evaporation and Condensation of Water Vapor
5.2. Measures of Water Vapor in Air
5.3. The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
5.4. van der Waals Equation of State
5.5. Phase Diagrams: Liquid-Vapor; Liquid-Solid-Vapor; Triple Point
5.6. Free Energy
5.7. Effect of Air Pressure on Saturation Vapor Pressure
5.8. Lowering of Vapor Pressure by Dissolution
5.9. Air in Water: Henry's Law
5.10. Size Dependence of Vapor Pressure: Water Droplets, Solution Droplets, and Bubbles
6 MOIST AIR AND CLOUDS
6.1. Precipitable Water in the Atmosphere
6.2. Lapse Rate of the Dew Point: Level of Cloud Formation
6.3. Density of Moist Air: Virtual Temperature
6.4. Wet-Bulb Temperature
6.5. Lapse Rate for Isentropic Ascent of a Saturated Parcel
6.6. Thermodynamic Diagrams
6.7. Stability and Cloud Formation
6.8. Mixing Clouds
6.9. Cloud Formation on Ascent and Descent
7 ENERGY, MOMENTUM, AND MASS TRANSFER
7.1. Energy Transfer by Thermal Conduction
7.2. Momentum Transfer: Viscosity
7.3. Mass Transfer: Diffusion
Bibliography
Index