Ask the Experts

How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music

Michael Sy Uy

First in-depth study of institutional grantmaking in the field of music
Compares conclusions and analyses that link experts and funding with musical practices
Considers the role of experts in cultural institutions

Ask the Experts

How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music

Michael Sy Uy

Description

From the end of the Second World War through the U.S. Bicentennial, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Ford Foundation granted close to $300 million (approximately $2.3 billion in 2017 dollars) in the field of music alone. In deciding what to fund, these three grantmaking institutions decided to "ask the experts," adopting seemingly objective, scientific models of peer review and specialist evaluation. They recruited music composers at elite institutions, professors from prestigious universities, and leaders of performing arts organizations. Among the most influential expert-consultants were Leonard Bernstein, Aaron Copland, Lukas Foss, and Milton Babbitt.

The significance was two-fold: not only were male, Western art composers put in charge of directing large and unprecedented channels of public and private funds, but in doing so they also determined and defined what was meant by artistic excellence. They decided the fate of their peers and shaped the direction of music-making in this country. By asking the experts, the grantmaking institutions produced a concentrated and interconnected field of artists and musicians. Officers and directors utilized ostensibly objective financial tools like matching grants and endowments in an attempt to diversify and stabilize applicants' sources of funding, as well as the number of applicants they funded. Such economics-based strategies, however, relied more on personal connections among the wealthy and elite, rather than local community citizens. Ultimately, this history demonstrates how "expertise" served as an exclusionary form of cultural and social capital that prevented racial minorities and non-dominant groups from fully participating.

Ask the Experts

How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music

Michael Sy Uy

Introduction

Part I: Who Were the Experts?

Chapter 1: Defining Excellence, Quality, and Style: Consultants as Contributory Experts

Chapter 2: Gatekeeping from Within: Grantmaking Officers as Interactional Experts

Chapter 3: Pluralism and Public-Private Relationships in the Field of Cultural Production

Part II: Experts in Action

Chapter 4: The Rockefeller Foundation, the University New Music Center, and “Foundation Music”

Chapter 5: The Ford Foundation, Matching Grants, and Endowment Building

Chapter 6: The National Endowment for the Arts, the United States Bicentennial, and the Expansion Arts and Jazz-Folk-Ethnic Programs

Epilogue

Appendix

Bibliography

Ask the Experts

How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music

Michael Sy Uy

Author Information

Michael Sy Uy,Allston Burr Resident Dean, Harvard College

Michael Sy Uy is the Allston Burr Resident Dean of Dunster House, Assistant Dean of Harvard College, and a Lecturer in the Harvard University Department of Music. His main areas of scholarly research focus on philanthropy, arts education, cultural policy, and connoisseurship. In 2018, he was awarded the Distinguished Faculty Award by the Harvard Foundation.

Ask the Experts

How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music

Michael Sy Uy

Reviews and Awards

"Illuminating" -- Eric Drott, Journal of the Royal Musical Association

"Recommended. Graduate students, researchers, faculty, and professionals." -- A. J. Adam, CHOICE

"After all my years and experiences leading institutions, Ask the Experts still gives me new insights in the art of grantmaking. As Uy notes, how we choose experts plays an incredibly important role in what we fund. Experts should broaden and even challenge our perspectives and starting assumptions rather than only reinforce them." -- Jonathan Fanton, former President of the MacArthur Foundation, former President of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

"Ask the Experts makes painfully vivid the practices of power and exclusion behind grantmaking decisions by white men invested in the Western art music tradition. Uy's meticulously researched and lively account illuminates the biased processes that determined which institutions would call the shots and what music should be validated. A book for our times." -- Ellie M. Hisama, Professor of Music, Columbia University

"Uy's disarming narrative propels the reader through a series of interwoven stories about cultural and social capital during the first decades of the Cold War and the illusion of democratic representation in arts grantmaking. With helpful charts, tables, and spotlights on influential experts, this book provides a useful guide with the ease of a textbook." -- Naomi André, Professor in the Department of Afroamerican and African Studies and Department of Women's Studies, University of Michigan